Little is known about how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects women’s long-term mental health. Using 17 years of data from adolescent mothers, this study (a) empirically identified three subgroups based on patterns of IPV exposure during 4 years of their adolescence; (b) found that subgroup membership was a predictor of psychosocial outcomes in the subsequent 13 years, and (c) showed that the long-term effects of IPV exposure persisted even while controlling for the role of early poverty. By their 30s, women had recovered from IPV such that there were no significant differences between groups at the final time point.
Anderson, D.K., Saunders, D.G., Yoshihama, M., Bybee, D.I., & Sullivan, C.M. (2003). Long-term trends in depression among women separated from abusive partners. Violence against Women, 9, 807-838.
2.
Basile, K.C., Hertz, M.F., & Back, S.E. ( 2007). Intimate partner violence and sexual violence victimization assessment instruments for use in healthcare settings: Version 1. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
3.
Brandwein, R. ( 1999). Family violence and welfare use: Report from the field . In R. Brandwein (Ed.), Battered women, children and welfare reform (pp. 45-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
4.
Campbell, J.C., Webster, D., Koziol-McLain, J., Block, C., Campbell, D., Curry, M.A., et al. (2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1089-1097.
5.
Campbell, R., Sullivan, C., & Davidson, W.S. (1995). Women who use domestic violence shelter: Changes in depression over time. Psychology of Women Quarterly,19, 237-255.
6.
Coker, A.L., Davis, K.E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H.M., et al. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,23, 260-268.
7.
Davies, J., & Lyon, E. ( 1998). Safety planning with battered women: Complex lives/difficult choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE .
8.
Derogatis, L.R. ( 1994). SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
9.
Dutton, D., & Painter, S. ( 1993). Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: A test of traumatic bonding theory. Violence and Victims, 8, 105-120.
10.
Dutton, M.A. ( 1992). Empowering and healing the battered woman: A model for assessment and intervention. New York: Springer.
11.
Dutton, M.A., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Jouriles, E., McDonarld, R., Krishnan, S.McFarlane, J., et al. (2003). Recruitment and retention in intimate partner violence research (NCJ 201943). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
12.
Ehrensaft, M.K., Moffitt, T.E. & Caspi, A. ( 2006). Is domestic violence followed by an increased risk of psychiatric disorders among women but not among men? A longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry163, 885-892.
13.
Fiscella, K., Kitzman, H.J., Cole, R.E., Sidora, K.J., & Olds, D. ( 1998). Does child abuse predict early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy? Pediatrics,101, 620-624.
14.
Fox, G.L., Benson, M.L., DeMaris, A.A., & Wyk, J.V. ( 2002). Economic distress and intimate violence: Testing family stress and resources theories. Journal of Marriage and Family ,64, 793-807.
15.
Golding, J.M. ( 1999). Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A metaanalysis. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 99-132.
16.
Gomez, A., Conde, A., Santana, J.A., & Jorrin, A. ( 2005). Diagnostic usefulness of brief versions of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for detecting hazardous drinkers in primary care settings. Journal of Studies in Alcohol and Drugs , 66, 305-308.
17.
Goodwin, M.M., Gazmararian, J.A., Johnson, C.H., Gilbert, B.C., Saltzman, L.E., & the PRAMS Working Group. ( 2000). Pregnancy intendedness and physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: Findings from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, 1996-1997. Maternal Child Health Journal,4, 85-92.
18.
Gottschalk, P., McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G.D. (1994). The dynamics and intergenerational transmission of poverty and welfare participation. In S. H. Danziger, G. D. Sandefur, & D. H. Weinberg (Eds.), Confronting poverty: Prescriptions for change (pp. 85-108). Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
19.
Gregory, M.M., Lohr, M.J., & Gilchrist, L.D. (1992). Methods for tracking pregnant and parenting adolescents. Evaluation Review,16, 69-81.
20.
Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (Eds.). (2002). Applied latent class analyses. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21.
Hedecker, D., & Gibbons, R.D. ( 2006). Longitudinal data analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
22.
Jayakody, R., Danziger, S., & Pollack, H. ( 2000). Welfare reform, substance use, and mental health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law,25, 623-651.
23.
Johnston, L.D., O’Malley, P.M., & Bachman, J.G. ( 1988). Illicit drug use, smoking, and drinking by America’s high school students, college students, and young adults. . Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
24.
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R.L. ( 2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure . Psychiatric Annals,32(9), 1-7.
25.
Lindhorst, T., Beadnell, B., Jackson, L., Fieland, K., & Lee, A. ( 2009). Mediating pathways explaining psychosocial functioning and revictimization as sequelae of parental violence among adolescent mothers . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,79, 181-190.
26.
Lindhorst, T., & Oxford, M. ( 2008). The long-term effects of intimate partner violence on adolescent mothers’ depressive symptoms. Social Science & Medicine,66, 1322-1333
27.
Lindhorst, T., & Tajima, E. ( 2008). Reconceptualizing and operationalizing context in survey research on intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,23, 362-388.
28.
Macmillan, R. ( 2001). Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development. Annual Review of Sociology ,27, 1-22.
29.
Magnusson, D. ( 1998). The logic and implications of a person-oriented approach . In R. B. Cairns, L. R. Bergman, & J. Kagan (Eds.), Methods and models for studying the individual (pp. 33-64). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
30.
Martin, S.L., Li, Y., Casanueva, C., Harris-Britt, A., Kupper, L.L., & Clutier, S. ( 2006). Intimate partner violence and women’s depression before and during pregnancy. Violence Against Women,12, 221-239.
31.
McCauley, J., Kern, D.E., Kolodner, K., Dill, L., Schroeder, A.F., DeChant, H.K., et al. (1995). The "battering syndrome": Prevalence and clinical characteristics of domestic violence in primary care internal medicine practices. Annals of Internal Medicine,123, 737-746.
32.
McCutcheon, A.L. ( 1987). Latent class analysis (Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, No. 07-064). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
33.
Mechanic, M.B., Weaver, T.L., & Resick, P.A. ( 2008). Mental health consequences of intimate partner abuse: A multidimensional assessment of four different forms of abuse. Violence Against Women,14, 634-654.
34.
Miller, J. ( 2008). Getting played: African American girls, urban inequality and gendered violence. New York: New York University Press.
35.
Muthen, B., & Muthen, L.K. ( 2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,24, 882-891.
36.
Newman, M.G., Zuellig, A.R., Kachin, K.E., Constantino, M.J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., et al. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of the generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy ,33, 215-233.
37.
Raftery, A.E. ( 1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology,25, 111-164.
38.
Roberts, G.L., Williams, G.M., Lawrence, J.M., & Raphael, B. ( 1998). How does domestic violence affect women’s mental health? Women and Health,28, 117-129.
39.
Romero, D., Chavkin, W., Wise, P.H., & Smith, L.A. ( 2003). Low-income mothers’ experience with poor health, hardship, work and violence: Implications for policy. Violence Against Women,9, 1231-1244.
40.
Romito, P., Molzan Turan, J., & De Marchi, M. ( 2005). The impact of current and past interpersonal violence on women’s mental health. Social Science & Medicine ,60, 1717-1727.
41.
Schwartz, G. ( 1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics,6, 461-464.
42.
Straus, M. ( 1979). Manual for the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS). Durham, UK: University of New Hampshire.
43.
Sutherland, C.A., Sullivan, C.M., & Bybee, D.I. ( 2001). Effects of intimate partner violence versus poverty on women’s health. Violence Against Women,7, 1122-1143.
44.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. ( 2000). Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NCJ 181867). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control.
45.
Tolman, R.M., & Rosen, D. ( 2001). Domestic violence in the lives of women receiving welfare: Mental health, substance dependency and economic well-being. Violence Against Women,7, 141-158.
46.
Trabold, N. ( 2007). Screening for intimate partner violence within a health care setting: A systematic review of the literature. Social Work in Health Care,45, 1-18.
