The current study compares female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) who were and were not victimized during pregnancy. Victims of pregnancy violence are more likely to report having experienced all forms of violence, particularly severe forms, and have higher odds of experiencing several postviolence indicators of severity and adverse health consequences. The significance of predictors disappears in a post hoc analysis controlling for proxies of battering behavior (i.e., repeated and severe violence), suggesting that victims who experience violence during pregnancy may be more likely to be in a current intimate relationship with an abuser who inflicts repeated and severe IPV.
Bacchus, L., Mezey, G., & Bewley, S. ( 2006). A qualitative exploration of the nature of domestic violence in pregnancy. Violence Against Women, 12, 588-604.
2.
Bohn, D.K., Tebben, J.G., & Campbell, J.C. (2004). Influences of income, education, age, and ethnicity on physical abuse before and during pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 33, 561-571.
3.
Brownridge, D.A. ( 2002). Cultural variation in male partner violence against women: A comparison of Québec with the rest of Canada. Violence Against Women, 8, 87-115.
4.
Brownridge, D.A. ( 2006). Intergenerational transmission and dating violence victimization: Evidence from a sample of female university students in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 25, 75-93.
5.
Brownridge, D.A. ( 2008). The elevated risk for violence against cohabitating women: A comparison of three nationally representative surveys of Canada. Violence Against Women, 14, 809-832.
6.
Brownridge, D.A., & Halli, S.S. ( 1999). Measuring family violence: The conceptualization and utilization of prevalence and incidence rates. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 333-350.
7.
Bullock, L.F.C., Mears, J.L.C., Woodcock, C., & Record, R. ( 2001). Retrospective study of the association of stress and smoking during pregnancy in rural women. Addictive Behaviors , 26, 405-413.
8.
Burch, R.L., & Gallup, G.G., Jr. (2004). Pregnancy as a stimulus for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 243-247.
9.
Campbell, J.C. ( 2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359, 1331-1336.
10.
Campbell, J.C., García-Moreno, C., & Sharps, P. ( 2004). Abuse during pregnancy in industrialized and developing countries. Violence Against Women, 10, 770-789.
11.
Casanueva, C.E., & Martin, S.L. ( 2007). Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and mothers’ child abuse potential. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 603-622.
12.
Chambliss, L.R. ( 2008). Intimate partner violence and its implication for pregnancy . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 51, 385-397.
13.
Datner, E.M., Wiebe, D.J., Brensinger, C.M., & Nelson, D.B. ( 2007). Identifying pregnant women experiencing domestic violence in an urban emergency department. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 124-135.
14.
Decker, M.R., Martin, S.L., & Morocco, K.E. ( 2004). Homicide risk factors among pregnant women abused by their partners: Who leaves the perpetrator and who stays? Violence Against Women, 10, 498-513.
15.
Dunn, L.L., & Oths, K.S. ( 2004). Prenatal predictors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 33, 54-63.
16.
Dutton, D.G. ( 2006). Rethinking domestic violence. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
17.
Gazmararian, J.A., Lazorick, S., Spitz, A.M., Ballard, T.J., Saltzman, L.E., & Marks, J.S. ( 1996). Prevalence of violence against pregnant women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 1915-1920.
18.
Gelles, R.J. ( 1988). Violence and pregnancy: Are pregnant women at greater risk of abuse. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 841-847.
19.
Gross, K.H., Wells, C.S., Radigan-Garcia, A., & Dietz, P.M. ( 2002). Correlates of self-reports of being very depressed in the months after delivery: Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 6, 247-253.
20.
Guille, L. ( 2003). Men who batter and their children: An integrated review . Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 129-163.
21.
Hamberger, L.K., & Hastings, J.E. (1986). Personality correlates of men who abuse their partners: A cross-validation study. Journal of Family Violence, 1, 323-341.
22.
Heaman, M.I. ( 2005). Relationships between physical abuse during pregnancy and risk factors for preterm birth among women in Manitoba. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 34, 721-731.
23.
Helton, A.S., McFarlane, J., & Anderson, E.T. (1987). Battered and pregnant: A prevalence study. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 1337-1339.
24.
Janssen, P.A., Holt, V.L., Sugg, N.K., Emanuel, I., Critchlow, C.M., & Henderson, A.D. (2003). Intimate partner violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A population-based study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188, 1341-1347.
25.
Jasinski, J.L. ( 2001). Pregnancy and violence against women: An analysis of longitudinal data. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 712-733.
26.
Jasinski. J. L., & Kaufman Kantor, G. (2001). Pregnancy, stress, and wife assault: Ethnic differences in prevalence, severity, and onset in a national sample. Violence and Victims, 16, 219-232.
27.
Leung, T.W., Leung, W.C., Chan, P.L., & Ho, P.C. ( 2002). A comparison of the prevalence of domestic violence between patients seeking termination of pregnancy and other general gynecology patients . International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 77, 47-54.
28.
Leung, W.C., Leung, T.W., Lam, Y.Y.J., & Ho, P.C. ( 1999). The prevalence of domestic violence against pregnant women in a Chinese community. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 66, 23-30.
29.
Leung, W.C., Wong, Y.Y.M., Leung, T.W., & Ho, P.C. ( 2001). Pregnancy outcomes following domestic violence in a Chinese community. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics , 72, 79-80.
30.
Lipsky, S., Holt, V.L., Easterling, T.R., & Critchlow, C.W. (2005). Police-reported intimate partner violence during pregnancy: Who is at risk? Violence and Victims, 20, 69-86.
31.
Martin, S.L., Harris-Britt, A., Li, Y., Moracco, K.E., Kupper, L.L., & Campbell, J.C. (2004). Changes in intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 201-210.
32.
Martin, S.L., Li, Y., Casanueva, C., Harris-Britt, A., Kupper, L.L., & Cloutier, S. ( 2006). Intimate partner violence and women’s depression before and during pregnancy. Violence Against Women, 12, 221-239.
33.
Martin, S.L., Mackie, L., Kupper, L.L., Buescher, P.A., & Moracco, K.E. ( 2001). Physical abuse of women before, during, and after pregnancy . Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1581-1584.
34.
Martin, S.L., Macy, R.J., Sullivan, K., & Magee, M.L. ( 2007). Pregnancy-associated violent deaths: The role of intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse (Special Issue, Part I), 8, 135-148.
35.
Mauricio, A.M., Tein, J.-Y., & Lopez, F.G. ( 2007). Borderline and antisocial personality scores as mediators between attachment and intimate partner violence. Violence and Victims, 22, 139-157.
36.
McFarlane, J., Campbell, J.C., Sharps, P., & Watson, K. ( 2002). Abuse during pregnancy and femicide: Urgent implications for women’s health. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 100, 27-36.
37.
McFarlane, J., Parker, B., & Soeken, K. ( 1996). Physical abuse, smoking, and substance use during pregnancy: Prevalence, interrelationships, and effects on birth weight. Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 25, 313-320.
38.
Mezey, G.C., & Bewley, S. ( 1997). Domestic violence and pregnancy: Risk is greatest after delivery [Editorial]. British Medical Journal, 314, 1295.
39.
Muhajarine, N., & D’Arcy, C. (1999). Physical abuse during pregnancy: Prevalence and risk factors. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 160, 1007-1011.
40.
Noel, N.L., & Yam, M. ( 1992). Domestic violence: The pregnant battered woman. Women’s Health, 27, 871-884.
41.
Pallitto, C.C., Campbell, J.C., & O’Campo, P. (2005). Is intimate partner violence associated with unintended pregnancy? A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6, 217-235.
42.
Pence, E., & Paymar, M. ( 1986). Power and control: Tactics of men who batter. Duluth: Minnesota Program Development.
43.
Pulido, M.L. ( 2001). Pregnancy: A time to break the cycle of family violence . Journal of Health and Social Work, 26, 120-124.
44.
Pulido, M.L., & Gupta, D. ( 2002). Protecting the child and the family: Integrating domestic violence screening into a Child Advocacy Center. Violence Against Women, 8, 917-933.
45.
Rådestad, I., Rubertson, C., Ebling, M., & Hildingsson, I. (2004). What factors in early pregnancy indicate that the mother will be hit by her partner in the year after childbirth? A nationwide Swedish survey. BIRTH, 31(2), 84-92.
46.
Ratner, P.A. ( 1998). Modeling acts of aggression and dominance as wife abuse and exploring their adverse health effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 453-465.
47.
Sales, P., & Murphy, S. ( 2000). Surviving violence: Pregnancy and drug use. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 695-724.
48.
Saltzman, L.E., Johnson, C.H., Gilbert, B.C., & Goodwin, M.M. ( 2003). Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: An examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 7, 31-43.
49.
Shaw, D. ( 2003). "Screening" for domestic violence [Commentary]. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 25, 918-921.
50.
Smith, M.D. ( 1990). Patriarchal ideology and wife beating: A test of a feminist hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 5, 257-273.
51.
Statistics Canada. (1999). 1996 census dictionary: Final edition references (No. 92-351-UIE). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Minister of Industry.
52.
Stewart, D.E., & Cecutti, A. ( 1993). Physical abuse in pregnancy. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 149, 1257-1263.
53.
Straus, M.A. ( 1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
54.
Tiwari, A., Leung, W.C., Leung, T.W., Humphreys, J., Parker, B., & Ho, P.C. ( 2005). A randomized controlled trial of empowerment training for Chinese abused women in Hong Kong. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, 1249-1256.
55.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. ( 2000). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 6, 142-161.
56.
Valladares, E., Ellsberg, M., Peña, R., Höberg, V., & Persson, L.A. ( 2002). Physical partner abuse during pregnancy: A risk factor for low birth weight in Nicaragua. Obstetrics and Gynecology , 100, 700-705.
57.
Whitfield, C.L., Anda, R.F., Dube, S.R., & Felitti, V.J. ( 2003). Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: Assessment in a large health maintenance organization . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 166-185.
58.
Widding Hedin, L. ( 2000). Postpartum, also a risk period for domestic violence . European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 89, 41-45.
59.
Wilson, M., Johnson, H., & Daly, M. ( 1995). Lethal and nonlethal violence against wives. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 37, 331-361.
60.
Xu, X., Zhu, F., O’Campo, P., Koenig, M.A., Mock, V., & Campbell, J. ( 2005). Prevalence of and risk factors for intimate partner violence in China. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 78-85.
