The First Comprehensive Assessment of Offline and Online Emotional Intimate Partner Violence (EIPV) in a Representative Sample of Young Adults in Poland
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2026
The First Comprehensive Assessment of Offline and Online Emotional Intimate Partner Violence (EIPV) in a Representative Sample of Young Adults in Poland
The current study provides a comprehensive assessment of emotional intimate partner violence (EIPV) among a representative sample of young adults (aged 18–29 years) in Poland (N = 2,705; 53.4% female). We found that 80% of the sample were victimized and perpetrated offline EIPV more than twice in their lifetime. Online EIPV affected 40% of participants more than twice in the lifetime. Offline and online EIPV as well as EIPV victimization and perpetration behaviors tended to co-occur. The perpetrator–victim phenomenon was confirmed by the results of the latent profile analysis (LPA), which uncovered three latent groups characterized by perpetration-victimization co-occurrence.
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