This article explores the relationship between Black shifts to the suburbs and metropolitan segregation using the decompositional properties of the entropy index. This method reveals that much of the decline in metropolitan segregation of Blacks from others is because of declining central city segregation; suburban segregation has much lower average declines. Furthermore, a growing proportion of Black/other segregation is explained by residential distributions within the suburbs. Uneven distributions of Blacks across city lines account for nearly a third of Black/other segregation in the Midwest and Northeast in 2000. In the West, within-suburban sorting is by far the most important component of metropolitan segregation of Blacks from others, while in the South, within-city sorting and within-suburb sorting are relatively equal in importance.
Adelman, Robert M.2004. Neighborhood opportunities, race, and class: The Black middle class and residential segregation. City & Community3:43-63.
2.
Alba, R.D., and J.R. Logan.1991. Variations on two themes: Racial and ethnic patterns in the attainment of suburban residence. Demography28:431-53.
3.
———. 1993. Minority proximity to Whites in suburbs: An individual-level analysis of segregation. American Journal of Sociology98:1388-427.
4.
Alba, Richard D., John R. Logan, and Brian J. Stults .2000. How segregated are middle-class African Americans?Social Problems47:543-58.
5.
Bowen, William G., and Derek Curtis Bok .1998. The shape of the river: Long-term consequences of considering race in college and university admissions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
6.
Census Bureau.2002. Geographic Terms and Concepts in Census 2000, Summary File 3, Technical Documentation, Appendix A. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf (accessed on June 24, 2007).
7.
Charles, Camille Zubrinsky.2003. The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology29:167-207.
8.
Crowder, Kyle, Scott J. South, and Erick Chavez.2006. Wealth, race, and inter-neighborhood migration.
9.
Denton, Nancy A., and Douglas S. Massey .1988. Residential segregation of Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians by socioeconomic status and generation. Social Science Quarterly69:797-817.
10.
Farley, Reynolds.1970. The changing distribution of Negroes within metropolitan areas: The emergence of Black suburbs. American Journal of Sociology75 (January): 512-29.
11.
Farley, Reynolds, and William Frey.1994. Changes in the segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small steps towards a more integrated society. American Sociological Review59:23-45.
12.
Fischer, Mary J.2003. The relative importance of income and race in determining residential outcomes in U.S. urban areas, 1970-2000. Urban Affairs Review38:669-96.
Guest, Avery M.1978. The changing racial composition of suburbs: 1950-1970 . Urban Affairs Quarterly14:195-206.
15.
Hirsch, Arnold R.2006. Less than Plessy: The inner city, suburbs, and state-sanctioned residential segregation in the age of Brown. In The new suburban history, edited by K. M. Kruse and T. J. Sugrue, 33-56. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.
16.
Iceland, John.2004. Beyond Black and White: Metropolitan residential segregation in multiethnic America. Social Science Research33:248-71.
17.
Iceland, John, and Cynthia Lake.2005. Immigrant residential patterns in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1990-2000. Paper presented at Population Association of America annual meeting, March 31-April 2, Philadelphia, PA.
18.
Iceland, John, and Daniel H. Weinberg .2002. Racial and ethnic residential segregation in the United States, 1980-2000. Census 2000 Special Reports, CENSR, no. 3, August. Census Bureau, Washington D.C.
19.
Iceland, John, and Rima Wilkes.2006. Does socioeconomic status matter? Race, class, and residential segregation. Social Problems53:248-73.
20.
Jackson, Kenneth T.1985. Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford Univ. Press .
21.
Jargowsky, Paul A.2005. Stunning progress, hidden problems: The dramatic decline of concentrated poverty in the 1990s. In Redefining urban and suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, vol. 2, edited by A. Berube, B. Katz, and R. E. Lang, 137-71. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
22.
Katznelson, Ira.2005. When affirmative action was White: An untold history of racial inequality in the twentieth century. New York: Norton.
23.
Krivo, Lauren J., and Robert L. Kaufman .1999. How low can it go? Declining Black-White segregation in a multiethnic context. Demography36:93-109.
24.
Kruse, Kevin M., and Thomas J. Sugrue .2006. The new suburban history . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press .
25.
Logan, J.R., and R.D. Alba.1993. Locational returns to human capital: minority access to suburban community resources. Demography30 (2): 243-68.
26.
Logan, John R.2001. The new ethnic enclaves in America's suburbs. Mumford Center, Univ. of Albany, SUNY. http://mumford.albany.edu/census/suburban/SuburbanReport/SubReport.pdf (accessed on June 20, 2007).
27.
Logan, John R., Richard D. Alba, Tom McNulty, and Brian Fisher.1996. Making a place in the metropolis: Locational attainment in cities and suburbs. Demography33:443-53.
28.
Logan, John R., and Mark Schneider.1984. Racial segregation and racial change in American suburbs, 1970-1980. American Journal of Sociology89:874-88.
29.
Logan, John R., Brian J. Stults, and Reynolds Farley .2004. Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography41:1-22.
30.
Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton .1988. Suburbanization and segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas. American Journal of Sociology94:592-626.
31.
———. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
32.
Massey, Douglas S., and Mary J. Fischer .1999. Does rising income bring integration? New results for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in 1990. Social Science Research28:316-26.
33.
Massey, Douglas S., and Andrew B. Gross .1991. Explaining trends in racial segregation, 1970-1980. Urban Affairs Quarterly27:13-35.
34.
Nettles, Michael T., Laura W. Perna, and Catherine M. Millett .1998. Race and testing in college admissions. In Chilling admissions: The affirmative action crisis and the search for alternatives, edited by G. Orfield and E. Miller, 97-110. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Publishing Group.
35.
Pattillo, Mary.2005. Black middle-class neighborhoods. Annual Review of Sociology31:305-29.
36.
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary.2000. The limits of out-migration for the Black middle class . Journal of Urban Affairs22:225-41.
37.
Reardon, Sean F., John T. Yun, and Tamela McNulty Eitle.2000. The changing structure of school segregation: Measurement and evidence of multiracial metropolitan-area school segregation, 1989-1995. Demography37:351-64.
38.
South, Scott J., Kyle Crowder, and Erick Chavez.2005a. Geographic mobility and spatial assimilation among U.S. Latino immigrants. International Migration Review39:577-607.
39.
———. 2005b. Migration and spatial assimilation among U.S. Latinos: Classical versus segmented trajectories. Demography42:497-521.
40.
Theil, Henri.1972. Statistical decomposition analysis: With applications in the social and administrative sciences. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland.
41.
Timberlake, Jeffrey.2002. Separate, but how unequal? Ethnic residential stratification, 1980 to 1990. City & Community1:251-66.
42.
Tolnay, S.E.2003. The African American “Great Migration” and beyond. Annual Review of Sociology29:209-32.
43.
Turner, Marjery A., Stephen L. Ross, George C. Galster, and John Yinger.2002. Discrimination in metropolitan housing markets: National results from phase I HDS 2000. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
44.
Wiese, Andrew.1999. The other suburbanites: African American suburbanization in the North before 1950. The Journal of American History85:1495-524.
45.
———. 2004. Places of their own: African American suburbanization in the twentieth century. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
46.
———. 2006. Race, class, and African American suburban dreams in the postwar United States. In The new suburban history, edited by K. M. Kruse and T. J. Sugrue, 99-119. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago.
47.
Yinger, John.1995. Closed doors, opportunities lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
