Despite being a rich source of starch, root crops such as cassava and sweet potato have not been widely exploited for the production of high fructose syrup (HFS), which is a highly valued sweetener for the food and beverage industries. The major factors contributing to the cost of production of HFS are the cost and labor-intensive steps in the production of starch, different processing temperatures and pH for the enzyme reactions, poor extractability of starch, etc. With the objective of overcoming the cost associated with the preparation of starch, the feasibility of using native cassava/sweet potato flours and their blends with rice flour and wheat flour, as the raw material for HFS production was investigated. The saccharified slurry from cassava-rice flour blends contained 70-72 g reducing sugars/100 g, which was higher than that released from native cassava flour (∼69%). Blends of sweet potato with rice or wheat yielded saccharified mash with lower content of reducing sugars (60-66%). Although the percentage conversion to fructose after isomerization was similar for cassava/sweet potato or their blends with cereal flours (42-43%), fructose yield was higher in native cassava flour and cassava-rice blends (28-29 g/100 g) than the other flour blends.
Abraham K., Edison S., Unnikrishnan M., Sheela M.N., Vimala B., Sreekumari M.T. and Naskar S.K. ( 2006). Technical Bulletin Series 24. In: Tuber Crop Varieties Released by the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: Central Tuber Crops Research Institute.
2.
Antrim R.L., Solheim B.A., Solheim L., Auterinen A.L., Cunefare J. and Karppelin S. ( 1991). A new Bacillus licheniformis Alpha-Amylase capable of low pH liquefaction. Starch/Starke43(9): 355-360.
3.
Arasaratnam V. and Balasubramaniam K. ( 1993). Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on raw corn. Starch/Starke45(6): 231-233.
4.
Aschengreen N.H., Helwiig Nielsen B., Rosendal P. and Ostergaard J. ( 1979). Liquefaction, saccharification and isomerisation of starch from sources other than maize. Starch/Starke31(9): 64-66.
5.
Balagopalan C. ( 2000). Integrated Technologies for Value Addition and Post Harvest Management in Tropical Tuber Crops. Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala: Central Tuber Crops Research Institute , p. 147.
6.
Barker S.A. and Petch G.S. ( 1985). Enzymatic processes for high fructose corn syrup . In: Laskin A.I. (ed.), Enzymes and Immobilized Cells in Biotechnology, California : The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc , pp. 93-107.
7.
Baskar G., Muthukumaran C. and Renganathan S. ( 2008). Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of Manihot esculenta root starch by immobilized α- amylase using response surface methodology . International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering1(3): 156-160.
8.
Berghofer E. and Sarhaddar S. ( 1988). Production of glucose and high fructose syrup by enzymatic direct hydrolysis of cassava roots. Process Biochemistry32: 910-915.
9.
Bergmeyer H.U. and Bernt E. ( 1974). D- glucose: Determination with GOD and POD. In: Begmeyer H.U. (ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. 3, New York: Academic Press, pp. 1205-1212.
10.
Bindumole V.R. and Balagopalan C. ( 2001). Saccharification of sweet potato flour for ethanol production . Journal of Root Crops27(1): 89-93.
11.
Bradbury J.H. and Holloway W.D. ( 1988). Chemistry of tropical root crops: significance for nutrition and agriculture in the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph Ser. No. 6. Canberra.
12.
Cereda M.P., Conceicao F.A.D., Cagliari A.M., Heezen A.M. and Fioretto R.B. ( 1982). Comparative study of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties to estimate their utilization in the food industry. (Portuguese) . Turrialba32: 365-370.
13.
Chen W.P. and Anderson A.W. ( 1980). Extraction of hemicellulose ryegrass straw for the production of glucose isomerase and the use of the resulting straw residue for animal feed. Biotechnology and Bioengineering22(3): 519-531.
14.
Cock J.H. ( 1985). Cassava - New Potential for a Neglected Crop. Boulder: Westview Press, p. 191.
15.
Deobald H.J., Hasling V.C., Catalano E.A. and McLemore T.A. ( 1969). Relationship of sugar formation and sweet potato alpha-amylase activity during processing for flake production. Food Technology23: 826-828.
16.
Dziedzic S.Z. ( 1981). Production and physico-chemical properties of isomerized glucose syrups. Starch/Starke33(11): 369-372.
17.
FAO (2006). Production Year Book . Rome, Italy: FAO.
18.
Franco C.M.L. and Ciacco C.F. ( 1987). Studies on the susceptibility of granular cassava and corn starches to enzymatic attack. Part 1: Study of the conditions of hydrolysis . Starch/Starke39(12): 432-435.
19.
Ghildyal N.P., Ramakrishna M. and Lonsane B.K. ( 1989). Comparative economics of the production of high fructose syrup from cassava chips and cassava starch. Starch/Starke41(2): 64-68.
20.
Gorinstein S. and Cheng-yi Lii. ( 1992). The effects of enzyme hydrolysis on the properties of potato, cassava and amaranth starches. Starch/Starke44(2): 461-466.
21.
Hanover L.M. and White J.S. ( 1993). Manufacturing, composition and applications of fructose . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition58(5): 724S-732S.
22.
Johnson R., Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G. ( 2004). Enzyme kinetics in the liquefaction and saccharification of cassava starch for High Fructose Syrup (HFS) production. In: 1st National Seminar on Root and Tuber Crops NSRTC 1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 29-31 October.
23.
Johnson R., Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G. ( 2005). Optimized parameters for the enzyme catalysed liquefaction and saccharification of sweet potato starch. Journal of Root Crops31(1): 7-13.
24.
Johnson R., Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G. (2009). Comparative production of glucose and high fructose syrup from cassava and sweet potato roots by direct conversion techniques. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies10: 616-620.
25.
Khalid N.M. ( 2005). Cassava starch for high fructose syrup production . In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium Sweet potato and Cassava, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14-20 June.
26.
Labout J.M. ( 1985). Conversion of liquefied starch into glucose using a novel glucoamylase system. Starch/Starke37(5): 157-161.
27.
Lages A.C.A. and Tannenbaum S.R. ( 1978). Production of glucose from tapioca (cassava starch) and farinha de mandioca (cassava meal). Journal of Food Science43: 1012-1014.
28.
Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G. ( 2002). A rapid titrimetric method for the determination of starch content in cassava tubers. Journal of Root Crops28(1): 30-37.
29.
Morales S., Alvarez H. and Sanchez C. ( 2008). Dynamic models for the production of glucose syrups from cassava starch. Food and Bioproducts Processing86(1): 25-30.
30.
Nelson N. ( 1944). A photometric adaptation of the somogyi method for determination of glucose. Journal of Biological Chemistry153: 375-380.
31.
Piyachomkwan K., Walapatit S., Vetthaisong T., Keawsompong S. and Sriroth K. ( 2005). Advanced technology in ethanol production from cassava chips. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium Sweet potato and Cassava, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14-15 June.
32.
Shetty J., Chotani G., Gang D. and Bates D. ( 2007). Cassava as an alternative feedstock in the production of renewable transportation fuel. International Sugar Journal109(1307): 3-11.
33.
Taniguchi H. ( 2004). Carbohydrate research and industry in Japan and the Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience. Starch/ Starke56(1): 1-5.
34.
Truong V.D., Walter Jr W.M. and Hamann D.D. ( 1997). Relationship between instrumental and sensory parameters of cooked sweet potato texture. Journal of Textural Studies28: 163-185.
35.
Waliszweski K.N., Alvarado M.G. and De la Cruz Medina J. ( 2002). Kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of cassava flourstarch-optimization and modelling. International Journal of Food Science and Technology27(4): 465-472.
White J.S. ( 1992). Fructose syrup: production, properties and applications . In: Schenck F.W. and Hebeda R. (eds), Starch Hydrolysis Products- Worldwide Technology, Production and Applications, New York: VCH Publishers, Inc, pp. 177-200.
