Differentiation of Farmed and Wild Turbot (Psetta maxima): Proximate Chemical Composition,Fatty Acid Profile,Trace Minerals and Antimicrobial Resistance of Contaminant Bacteria
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online October, 2010
Differentiation of Farmed and Wild Turbot (Psetta maxima): Proximate Chemical Composition,Fatty Acid Profile,Trace Minerals and Antimicrobial Resistance of Contaminant Bacteria
The proximate, cholesterol, fatty acid and trace mineral compositions in the flesh of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima) were evaluated. Additionally, the potential influence of the use of antimicrobial agents in the bacteria carried by farmed turbot was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 144 Pseudomonas spp. and 127 Aeromonas spp. were isolated and tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials by a disk diffusion method. Farmed turbot contained higher fat, cholesterol and calories as well as lower moisture content than its wild counterpart. The fatty acid profile of farmed turbot included higher levels of myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, gadoleic, cetoleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearidonic, eicosadienoic and eicosapentaenoic acids, and lower levels of stearic, arachidonic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids than its wild counterpart. The proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios were higher in wild turbot than in farmed turbot. With respect to trace minerals, no toxic levels were found, and higher amounts of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, as well as lower amounts of Cr, were found in farmed turbot relative to wild turbot. The antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. were quite similar, with only the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolated from farmed turbot being higher than those isolated from wild turbot. In the case of ampicillin, Pseudomonas spp. isolated from wild turbot showed higher resistance levels than those of their counterparts isolated from farmed turbot. In conclusion, the nutritional parameters of wild turbot are more adequate with respect to nutritional recommendations, while no differences were observed in food safety derived from trace mineral concentrations or the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from wild and farmed turbot.
Alasalvar C., Taylor K.D.A., Zubcov E., Shahidi F. and Alexis M. ( 2002). Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chemistry79: 145-150.
2.
Akinbowale O.L., Peng H. and Barton M.D. ( 2006). Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia. Journal of Applied Microbiology100: 1103-1113.
3.
Akinbowale O.L., Peng H., Grant P. and Barton M.D. ( 2007). Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in motile aeromonads and pseudomonads from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Australia . International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents30: 177-182.
4.
Aoac (2002). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edn, Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC.
5.
Aubourg S.P., Losada V. and Prego R. ( 2007). Distribution of lipids and trace minerals in different muscle sites of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima). International Journal of Food Science and Technology42: 1456-1464.
6.
Aubourg S.P., Pineiro C., Gallardo J.M. and Barros-Velazquez J.B. ( 2005). Biochemical changes and quality loss during chilled stor age of farmed turbot (Psetta máxima). Food Chemistry90: 445-452.
7.
Bligh E.G. and Dyer W.J. ( 1959). A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification . Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology42: 371-386.
8.
Busetto M.L., Moretti V.M., Moreno-Rojas J.M., Caprino F., Giani I., Malandra R., Bellagamba F. and Guillou C. ( 2008). Authentication of farmed and wild turbot (Psetta maxima) by fatty acid and isotopic analyses combined with chemometrics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry56: 2742-2750.
9.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) ( 2006). Methods for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Aquatic Animals. Wayne, PA: CLSI, Approved guideline M42-A.
10.
Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) (2007). Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, foods and humans in Denmark. Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg: DANMAP.
11.
European Commision (2001) Commision Regulation No. 2065/2001 of October 2001 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No. 104/2000 as regards informing consumers about fishery and aquaculture products. Brussels: EC.
12.
European Commission (2008). Commission Regulation No. 629/2008 of 2 July 2008 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Brussels: EC.
13.
Grave K., Hansen M.K., Kruse H., Bangen M. and Kritoffersen A.B. ( 2008). Prescription of antimicrobial drugs in Norwegian aquaculture with an emphasis on ‘‘new’’ fish species. Preventive Veterinary Medicine83: 156-169.
14.
Grigorakis K., Alexis M.N., Taylor K.D.A. and Hole M. ( 2002). Comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); composition, appearance and seasonal variations. International Journal of Food Science and Technology37: 477-484.
15.
Grigorakis K. ( 2007). Compositional and organoleptic quality of farmed and wild gilhead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and factors affecting it: a review. Aquaculture27: 55-75.
16.
Goldhaber S.B. ( 2003). Trace element risk assessment: essentiality vs. toxicity . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology38: 232-242. Lunestad B.T. and Samuelsen O.B. ( 2001). Effects of sea water on the activity of antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture; implications for MIC testing. Aquaculture196: 319-323.
17.
Miranda J.M., Guarddon M., Mondragón A., Vázquez B.I., Fente C.A., Cepeda A. and Franco C.M. ( 2007). Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken, and turkey meat: a comparative survey. Journal of Food Protection70: 1021-1024.
18.
Miranda J.M., Guarddon M., Vázquez B.I., Fente C.A., BarrosVelázquez J., Cepeda A. and Franco C.M. ( 2008). Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken and conventional turkey meat: a comparative survey. Food Control226: 371-375.
19.
Miranda J.M., Mondragón A., Vázquez B.I., Fente C.A., Cepeda A. and Franco C.M. (2009). Microbiological quality and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from conventional and organic ‘‘Arzúa-Ulloa’’ cheese. CyTA-Journal of Food7: 103-110.
20.
Morrison W.R. and Smith L.M. ( 1964). Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylscetals from lipid with boron fluoride-methanol. Journal of Lipid Research5: 600-608.
21.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (2002). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Wayne, PA: NCCLS , 12th Informational Supplement M100-S12.
22.
Olsson G.B., Olsen R.L., Carlehog M. and Ofstad R. ( 2003). Seasonal variations in chemical and sensory characteristics of farmed and wild Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture217: 191-205.
23.
Özogul Y., Özogul F., Kuley E., Özkutuk A.S., Gökbulut C. and Kóse S. ( 2006). Biochemical, sensory and microbiological attributes of wild turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), from the Black Sea, during chilled storage . Food Chemistry99: 752-758.
24.
Phillips I., Casewell M., Cox T., De Groot B., Friis C., Jones R., Nightingale C., Preston R. and Waddell J. ( 2004). Does the use of antimicrobials in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy53: 28-52.
25.
Rasmussen R.S., Ostenfeld T.H., Rosholt B. and Mc Lean E. ( 2000). Manipulation of end-product quality in rainbow trout with finishing diets. Aquaculture Nutrition6: 17-23.
26.
Sérot T., Gandemer G. and Demaimay M. ( 1998). Lipid and fatty acid compositions of muscle from farmed and wild adult turbot. Aquaculture International6: 331-343.
27.
Shearer K.D. ( 1994). Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture119: 63-88.
28.
Simopoulos A.P., Leaf A. and Salem N. ( 1999). Workshop on the essentiality and recommended dietary intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of the American College of Nutrition18: 487-489.
29.
Soonthornchaikul N., Garelick H., Jones H., Jacobs J., Ball D. and Choudhury M. ( 2006). Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents27: 125-130.
30.
Storelli M.M. ( 2009). Intake of essentials minerals and metals via consumption of seafood from the Mediterranean sea. Journal of Food Protection72: 1116-1120.
31.
Tikofsky L.L., Barlow J.W., Santiesteban C. and Schukken Y.H. ( 2003). A comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for Staphylococcus aureus in organic and conventional dairy herds. Microbial Drug Resistance9: 39-45.
32.
Uysal K., Emre Y. and Kose E. ( 2008). The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plama-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Beymelek Lagoon (Antalya/ Turkey). Microchemical Journal90: 67-70.
33.
Van den Bogaard A.E., London N., Driessen C. and Stobberingh E.E. ( 2001). Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy47: 763-771.
34.
White W. ( 1998). Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture . Science279: 996-997.
35.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: WHO.
