A Literature Review: Attention Profile in Preterm Children—It’s Time To Act

Aarnoudse-Moens C. S. H. Smidts D. P. Oosterlaan J. Duivenvoorden H. J. Weisglas-Kuperus N. (2009). Executive function in very preterm children at early school age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(7), 981–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9327-z

Aarnoudse-Moens C. S. H. Weisglas-Kuperus N. Duivenvoorden H. J. van Goudoever J. B. Oosterlaan J. (2013). Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e55994. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055994

Aarnoudse-Moens C. S. H. Weisglas-Kuperus N. van Goudoever J. B. Oosterlaan J. (2009). Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics, 124(2), 717–728. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2816

Achenbach T. M. La Rescorla A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles: Child behavior checklist for ages 1 1/2-5, Language development survey, Caregiver - teacher report form; An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. ASEBA, Achenbach system of empirically based assessment. ASEBA.

Achenbach T. M. La Rescorla A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: Child behavior checklist for ages 6-18, teacher’s report form, youth self-report: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. ASEBA.

Ahmed A. M. Grandi S. M. Pullenayegum E. McDonald S. D. Beltempo M. Premji S. S. Pole J. D. Bacchini F. Shah P. S. Pechlivanoglou P. (2024). Short-Term and Long-Term Mortality Risk After Preterm Birth. JAMA Network Open, 7(11), e2445871. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.45871

Aebi M. Winkler Metzke C. Steinhausen H.-C. (2012). Accuracy of the DSM-oriented attention problem scale of the CBCL in diagnosing ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(9), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0286-8

Anderson P. J. Luca C. R. de Hutchinson E. Spencer-Smith M. M. Roberts G. Doyle L. W. (2011). Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2011.540538

Arpino C. Compagnone E. Montanaro M. L. Cacciatore D. Luca A. de Cerulli A. Di Girolamo S. Curatolo P. (2010). Preterm birth and neurodevelopmental outcome: A review. Child’s Nervous System, 26(9), 1139–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-010-1125-y

Ask H. Gustavson K. Ystrom E. Havdahl K. A. Tesli M. Askeland R. B. Reichborn-Kjennerud T. (2018). Association of gestational age at birth with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(8), 749–756. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1315

Bayless S. Stevenson J. (2007). Executive functions in school-age children born very prematurely. Early Human Development, 83(4), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.021

Best J. R. Miller P. H. (2011). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 82(6), 1936–1946. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01696.x

Bhutta A. T. Cleves M. A. Casey P. H. Cradock M. M. Anand K. J. (2002). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 288(6), 728–737.

Blakemore S.-J. Choudhury S. (2006). Development of the adolescent brain: Implications for executive function and social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3–4), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x

Blencowe H. Cousens S. Chou D. , et al. (2013). Born too soon: The global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reproductive Health, 10(1), S2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-10-S1-S2.

Breeman L. D. Jaekel J. Baumann N. Bartmann P. Wolke D. (2016). Attention problems in very preterm children from childhood to adulthood: The Bavarian Longitudinal Study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12456

Bunge S. A. Dudukovic N. M. Thomason M. E. Vaidya C. J. Gabrieli J. D. E. (2002). Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fMRI. Neuron, 33(2), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00583-9

Casey B. J. Jones R. M. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.017

Casey B. J. Tottenham N. Liston C. Durston S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(3), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011

Cragg L. (2016). The development of stimulus and response interference control in midchildhood. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 242–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000074

Cserjesi R. van Braeckel K. N. J. A. Butcher P. R. Kerstjens J. M. Reijneveld S. A. Bouma A. Geuze R. H. Bos A. F. (2012). Functioning of 7-year-old children born at 32 to 35 weeks’ gestational age. Pediatrics, 130(4), e838–e846. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2079

de Kieviet J. F. Heslenfeld D. J. Pouwels P. J. W. Lafeber H. N. Vermeulen R. J. van Elburg R. M. Oosterlaan J. (2014). A crucial role for white matter alterations in interference control problems of very preterm children. Pediatric Research, 75(6), 731–737. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2014.31

de Kieviet J. F. van Elburg R. M. Lafeber H. N. Oosterlaan J. (2012). Attention problems of very preterm children compared with age-matched term controls at school-age. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), 824–829.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.010

Décaillet M. Denervaud S. Huguenin-Virchaux C. Besuchet L. Bickle-Graz M. Fischer-Fumeaux C. J. Schneider J. (2025). Executive functions assessment in very preterm children at school age: A pilot study about a clinical and experimental approach. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 14, 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2023.2287059

Delane L. Campbell C. Bayliss D. M. Reid C. Stephens A. French N. Anderson M. (2017). Poorer divided attention in children born very preterm can be explained by difficulty with each component task, not the executive requirement to dual-task. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 23(5), 510–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1150445

Diamond A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Elgen S. K. Sommerfelt K. Leversen K. T. Markestad T. (2015). Minor neurodevelopmental impairments are associated with increased occurrence of ADHD symptoms in children born extremely preterm. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0597-9

Fan R. G. Portuguez M. W. Nunes M. L. (2013). Cognition, behavior and social competence of preterm low birth weight children at school age. Clinics, 68, 915–921.

Fernandez-Baizan C. Alcántara-Canabal L. Solis G. Mendez M. (2021). The association between perinatal and neonatal variables and neuropsychological development in very and extremely low-birth-weight preterm children at the beginning of primary school. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 10(4), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2019.1709464

Franz A. P. Bolat G. U. Bolat H. Matijasevich A. Santos I. S. Silveira R. C. Procianoy R. S. Rohde L. A. Moreira-Maia C. R. (2018). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and very preterm/very low birth weight: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141(1), e20171645. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1645

Gadow K. D. Sprafkin J. (1997). Child symptom inventory 4: CSI. Checkmate Plus Stony Brook.

Geldof C. J. A. de Kieviet J. F. Dik M. Kok J. H. van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A. G. Oosterlaan J. (2013). Visual search and attention in five-year-old very preterm/very low birth weight children. Early Human Development, 89(12), 983–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.08.021

George D. Mallery P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (11.0 update, 4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

Ginnell L. Boardman J. P. Reynolds R. M. Fletcher-Watson S. (2021). Attention profiles following preterm birth: A review of methods and findings from infancy to adulthood. Infant and Child Development, 30(5), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2255

Giordano V. Fuiko R. Leiss U Brandstetter S. Hayde M. Bartha-Doering E. Klebermaß-Schrehof K. Weiler L. J. (2017). Differences in attentional functioning between preterm and full-term children underline the importance of new neuropsychological detection techniques. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 106(4), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13723

Goodman R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x

Goodman R. (1999). The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 791–799.

Goodman R. Ford T. Corbin T. Meltzer H. (2004). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) multi-informant algorithm to screen looked-after children for psychiatric disorders. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13 Suppl 2, II25–II31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-2005-3

Goodman R. Ford T. Richards H. Gatward R. Meltzer H. (2000). The development and well-being assessment: Description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(5), 645–655.

Goodman R. Renfrew D. Mullick M. (2000). Predicting type of psychiatric disorder from Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores in child mental health clinics in London and Dhaka. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 9(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007870050008

Grunau R. E. (2013). Neonatal pain in very preterm infants: Long-term effects on brain, neurodevelopment and pain reactivity. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 4(4), e0025. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10132

Jaeger D. A. Gawehn N. Schölmerich A. Schneider D. T. Suchan B. (2019). Reduction of the event-related potential P3 in preterm born 5-year-old healthy children. Clinical Neurophysiology, 130(5), 675–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.02.003

Jaeger D. A. Gawehn N. Schneider D. T. Suchan B. (2021). Phasic and tonic alertness in preterm 5-year-old healthy children. Child Neuropsychology, 27(8), 1073–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2021.1919297

Jaekel J. Wolke D. Bartmann P. (2013). Poor attention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity predicts academic achievement in very preterm and full-term adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001031

Jin J. H. Yoon S. W. Song J. Kim S. W. Chung H. J. (2020). Long-term cognitive, executive, and behavioral outcomes of moderate and late preterm at school age. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 63(6), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2019.00647

Johnson S. (2007). Cognitive and behavioural outcomes following very preterm birth. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 12(5), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2007.05.004

Johnson S. Hennessy E. Smith R. Trikic R. Wolke D. Marlow N. (2009). Academic attainment and special educational needs in extremely preterm children at 11 years of age: The EPICure study. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 94(4), F283–F289.

Johnson S. Hollis C. Kochhar P. Hennessy E. Wolke D. Marlow N. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: Longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 453–463.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.002

Johnson S. Kochhar P. Hennessy E. Marlow N. Wolke D. Hollis C. (2016). Antecedents of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children born extremely preterm. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(4), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000298

Johnson S. Marlow N. (2011). Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatric Research, 69, 11R–18R.

Johnson S. Wolke D. (2013). Behavioural outcomes and psychopathology during adolescence. Early Human Development, 89(4), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.014

Kariuki S. M. Newton C. R. J. C. Abubakar A. Bitta M. A. Odhiambo R. Phillips Owen J. (2018). Evaluation of psychometric properties and factorial structure of ADHD module of K-SADS-PL in children from rural Kenya. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(14), 2064–2071. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717753064

Kaufman J. Birmaher B. Brent D. Rao U. Flynn C. Moreci P. Williamson D. Ryan N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021

Kinney H. C. (2006). The near-term (late preterm) human brain and risk for periventricular leukomalacia: A review. Seminars in Perinatology, 30(2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2006.02.006

Korzeniewski S. J. Joseph R. M. Kim S. H. Allred E. N. OʼShea T. M [T. Michael] Leviton A. Kuban K. C. K. (2017). Social Responsiveness Scale assessment of the preterm behavioral phenotype in 10-year-olds born extremely preterm. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(9), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000485

Lacerda B. C. Martínez S. B. S. Franz A. P. Moreira-Maia C. R. Silveira R. C. Procianoy R. S. Rohde L. A. Wagner F. (2020). Does ADHD worsen inhibitory control in preschool children born very premature and/or with very low birth weight? Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 42(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0075

Landis J. R. Koch G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310

Linsell L. Johnson S. Wolke D. O’Reilly H. Morris J. K. Kurinczuk J. J. Marlow N. (2018). Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: A prospective, population-based cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 103(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313414

Maguire J. L. McKay S. E. (2015). Developmental milestones. In DeWitt C. S. (Ed.), Pediatric clinical advisor (5th ed.). Elsevier.

Marret S. Marchand-Martin L. Picaud J.-C. Hascoët J.-M. Arnaud C. Rozé J.-C. Truffert P. Larroque B. Kaminski M. Ancel P.-Y. , for the, Epipage Study Group. (2013). Brain injury in very preterm children and neurosensory and cognitive disabilities during childhood: The EPIPAGE Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e62683. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062683

Maxwell J. R. Yellowhair T. R. Oppong A. Y. Camacho J. E. Lowe J. R. Jantzie L. L. Ohls R. K. (2017). Cognitive development in preterm infants: Multifaceted deficits reflect vulnerability of rigorous neurodevelopmental pathways. Minerva Pediatrica, 69(4), 298–313. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.17.04905-2

Mirsky A. F. Anthony B. J. Duncan C. C. Ahearn M. B. Kellam S. G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2(2), 109–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01109051

Moher D. Liberati A. Tetzlaff J. Altman D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. The BMJ, 339, b2535. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535

Moster D. Lie R. T. Markestad T. (2008). Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(3), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706475

Mulder H. Pitchford N. J. Hagger M. S. Marlow N. (2009). Development of executive function and attention in preterm children: A systematic review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(4), 393–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640902964524

Murray A. L. Scratch S. E. Thompson D. K. Inder T. E. Doyle L. W. Anderson J. F. I. Anderson P. J. (2014). Neonatal brain pathology predicts adverse attention and processing speed outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Neuropsychology, 28(4), 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000071

Ohuma E. O. Moller A.‑B. Bradley E. Chakwera S. Hussain-Alkhateeb L. Lewin A. Okwaraji Y. B. Mahanani W. R. Johansson E. W. Lavin T. Fernandez D. E. Domínguez G. G. Costa A. de Cresswell J. A. Krasevec J. Lawn J. E. Blencowe H. Requejo J. Moran A. C. (2023). National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis. The Lancet, 402(10409), 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00878-4

O’Reilly H. Johnson S. Ni Y. Wolke D. Marlow N. (2020). Neuropsychological outcomes at 19 years of age following extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics, 145(2), e20192087. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2087

Patel R. M. Rysavy M. A. Bell E. F. Tyson J. E. (2017). Survival of infants born at periviable gestational ages. Clinics in Perinatology, 44(2), 287–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.009

Petersen S. E. Posner M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525

Posner M. I. Boies S. J. (1971). Components of attention. Psychological Review, 78(5), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031333

Posner M. I. Cohen J. D. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In Bouma H. Bouwhuis D. G. (Eds.), Attention and Performance X (pp. 531–556). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Posner M. I. Petersen S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325

Posner M. I. Rafal R. D. (1987). Cognitive theories of attention and the rehabilitation of attentional deficits. In Meier M. J. Benton A. L. Diller L. (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation (pp. 182–201). The Guilford Press.

Posner M. I. Rothbart M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516

Réveillon M. Borradori Tolsa C. Monnier M. Hüppi P. S. Barisnikov K. (2016). Response inhibition difficulties in preterm children aged 9-12 years: Relations with emotion and behavior. Child Neuropsychology, 22(4), 420–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2014.994486

Richards J. E. (2008). Attention in young infants: A developmental psychophysiological perspective. In Nelson C. A. Luciana M. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp. 479–497). MIT Press.

Rogers E. E. Hintz S. R. (2016). Early neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants. Seminars in Perinatology, 40(8), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.002

Rommel A.-S. James S.-N. McLoughlin G. Brandeis D. Banaschewski T. Asherson P. Kuntsi J. (2017). Association of preterm birth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like and wider-ranging neurophysiological impairments of attention and inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.006

Scott M. N. Hunter S. J. Joseph R. M. OʼShea T. M Hooper S. R. Allred E. N. Leviton A. Kuban K. (2017). Neurocognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children born at extremely low gestational age. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 38(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000436

Scott M. N. Taylor H. G. Fristad M. A Klein N. Espy K. A. Minich N. Hack M. (2012). Behavior disorders in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(3), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182475287

Shaywitz S. E. Schnell C. Shaywitz B. A. Towle V. R. (1986). Yale Children’s Inventory (YCI): An instrument to assess children with attentional deficits and learning disabilities I. Scale development and psychometric properties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00915431

Shum D. Neulinger K. O’Callaghan M. Mohay H. (2008). Attentional problems in children born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight at 7–9 years. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.006

Silva R. R. Alpert M. Pouget E. Silva V. Trosper S. Reyes K. Dummit S. (2005). A rating scale for disruptive behavior disorders, based on the DSM-IV item pool. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-005-4966-x

Shiff N. J. Janssen H. J. Nettel-Aguirre A. Allegaert K. (2021). Vulnerability of the developing brain to early life pain. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, 568755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.568755

Soleimani F. Zaheri F. Abdi F. (2014). Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(6), e17965. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17965

Stiles J. Jernigan T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4

Sturm W. (2005). Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen [Attention disorders] (Fortschritte der Neuropsychologie, Vol. 4). Hogrefe.

Thomas M. S. C. Karmiloff-Smith A. (2003). Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage? Implications from connectionist modelling. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(6), 727–750. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03000197

Tipper S. P. Bourque T. A. Anderson S. H. Brehaut J. C. (1989). Mechanisms of attention: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48(3), 353–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(89)90047-7

Tso W. W.-Y. Ho F. K. W. Coghill D. Lee T. M.-C. Wang Y. Lee S.-L. Wong M. S.-C. Yam J. C. S. Wong I. C. K. Ip P. (2023). Preterm postnatal complications and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(3), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15401

Ullebø A. K. Posserud M.-B. Heiervang E. Gillberg C. Obel C. (2011). Screening for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype using the strength and difficulties questionnaire. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(9), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0198-9

van de Laar M. C. van den Wildenberg W. P. M. van Boxtel G. J. M. van der Molen M. W. (2014). Development of response activation and inhibition in a selective stop-signal task. Biological Psychology, 102, 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.003

van Hus J. W. Potharst E. S. Jeukens-Visser M. Kok J. H. van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A. G . (2014). Motor impairment in very preterm-born children: Links with other developmental deficits at 5 years of age. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56(6), 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12295

van Zomeren A. H. Brouwer W. H . (1994). Clinical neuropsychology of attention. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. Oxford University Press.

Voigt B. Pietz J. Pauen S. Kliegel M. Reuner G. (2012). Cognitive development in very vs. Moderately to late preterm and full-term children: Can effortful control account for group differences in toddlerhood? Early Human Development, 88(5), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.09.001

Volpe J. J. (2009a). Brain injury in premature infants: A complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. The Lancet Neurology, 8(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70294-1

Volpe J. J. (2009b). The Encephalopathy of Prematurity—Brain Injury and Impaired Brain Development Inextricably Intertwined. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 16(4), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2009.09.005

Walczak-Kozłowska T. Chrzan-Dętkoś M. Harciarek M. (2021). Heterogeneity of the attentional system’s efficiency among very prematurely born pre-schoolers. Child Neuropsychology, 28(1), 120–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2021.1961702

Walczak-Kozłowska T. Mańkowska A. Chrzan-Dętkoś M. Harciarek M. (2020). Attentional system of very prematurely born preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 56(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000865

Weiler L. J. Leiss U. (2010). Aufmerksamkeit bei Kindern: Eine differenzierte Betrachtung unterscheidbarer Komponenten der Aufmerksamkeit Mit besonderen Hinblick auf Kinder mit Hirntumoren. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.

Weller E. B. Weller R. A. Fristad M. A [M. A.] Rooney M. T. Schecter J. (2000). Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200001000-00019

Woodward L. J. Lu Z. Morris A. R. Healey D. M. (2017). Preschool self regulation predicts later mental health and educational achievement in very preterm and typically developing children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(2), 404–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1251614