The study analyzes the ‘‘My Strength is Not for Hurting’’ rape prevention public media campaign through the lens of feminist visual culture studies, arguing that the campaign sends contradictory and confusing messages to boys and men about rape and sexual assault. It also touches on the implications of the campaign’s appropriation of a commercial advertising aesthetic; the tendency to objectify women and silence their voices; and complications resulting from efforts to include racial and sexual diversity.
Anderson, Kelly.2004. Only men can stop rape. Off our backs , September-October, 18-20.
2.
Barker, Gary.2006. Engaging boys and men to empower girls: Reflections from practice and evidence of impact. Florence, Italy: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women and UNICEF.
3.
Bartsch, Phil.2006. Men CAN stop rape. Courier Mail [Sydney, Australia], November 4, Features section.
4.
Bech, Henning.1997. When men meet: Homosexuality and modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
5.
Berger, John.1972. Ways of seeing. London: BBC and Penguin.
6.
Berkowitz, Alan D.2002. Fostering men’s responsibility for preventing sexual assault. In Preventing violence in relationships, ed. Paul A. Schewe, 163-96. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7.
---. 2003. Applications of social norms theory to other health and social justice issues. In The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinicians, ed. H. Wesley Perkins, 259-79. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
8.
Bindel, Julie.2006. Show of strength. Guardian [UK], March 15, Society section, 5.
9.
Boone, Joseph A.1995. Vacation cruises; or, the homoerotics of orientalism. PMLA110:89-107.
10.
Bordo, Susan.1999. The male body: A new look at men in public and private . New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
11.
Butler, Judith.1990. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity . New York: Routledge. ---.
12.
1991 . Imitation and gender insubordination. In Inside/out: Lesbian theories/gay theories, ed. Diana Fuss, 13-31. New York: Routledge .
13.
CALCASA (California Coalition Against Sexual Assault).2006. CALCASA’s my strength campaign fact sheet. Sacramento, CA: CALCASA.
14.
Fabiano, Patricia M., H. Wesley Perkins, Jeff Linkenbach, and Christopher Stark .2003. Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: Evidence for a social norms approach . Journal of American College Health52:105-12.
15.
Flood, Michael.2002-03. Engaging men: Strategies and dilemmas in violence prevention education among men. Women Against Violence13:25-32.
16.
---. 2003. Deconstructing the culture of sexual assault. Conference presentation. Practice and prevention: Contemporary issues in adult sexual assault in New South Wales. Sydney : University of Technology, February 12-14.
17.
---. 2005-06. Changing men: Best practice in sexual violence education . Women Against Violence18:26-36.
18.
Foubert, John D.2005. The men’s program: A peer education guide to rape education. New York: Routledge.
19.
Foucault, Michel.1970. The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences . New York: Pantheon Books.
20.
Fung, Richard.1991. Looking for my penis: The eroticized Asian in gay video porn. In How do I look?: Queer film and video, ed. Bad Object Choices, 145-68. Seattle: Bay Press.
21.
Gottschalk, Josh.2005. Quoted in Japhy Grant, ‘‘Rape and Restraint.’’ Advocate no. 951 (November 22), 28.
22.
Hayasaki, Erika.2005. Youths join bid to fight rape. Los Angeles Times, September 30, B3.
23.
Hindustan Times [India].2007. Male feminists, anyone? March 6.
24.
Human Rights Watch.2001. No escape: Male rape in U.S. prisons. New York: Human Rights Watch.
25.
Jhally, Sut.2003. Image-based culture: Advertising and popular culture. In Gender, race and class in media: A text-reader, ed. Gail Dines, and Jean Humez , 249-57. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
26.
Johnson, Alan.2005. The gender knot: Unraveling our patriarchal legacy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
27.
Jones, Amelia, ed. 2003. The feminism and visual culture reader. New York: Routledge.
28.
Kaplan, E. Ann.2000. Feminism and film. New York: Oxford University Press.
29.
Katz, Jackson.2006. The macho paradox: Why some men hurt women and how all men can help. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks .
30.
Kilbourne, Jean.2004. Cutting girls down to size: The more you add the more you subtract. In Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world, ed. Tim Kasser and Allen D. Kanner, 251-70. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
31.
Kilmartin, Christopher, and Julie Allison.2007. Men’s violence against women: Theory, research and activism. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
32.
Krishnaswamy, Revathi.1998. Effeminism: The economy of colonial desire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
33.
Lonsway, Kimberly A.1996. Preventing acquaintance rape through education: What do we know?Psychology of Women Quarterly20:229-65.
34.
Men Can Stop Rape.http://www.mencanstoprape.org (accessed July 15, 2008).
35.
Messerschmidt, James.1993. Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualization of theory. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
36.
Messner, Michael.2005. The triad of violence in men’s sports. In Transforming a rape culture, ed. Emilie Buchwald, Pamela Fletcher, and Martha Roth, 23-46. Revised ed. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions .
37.
Mezey, Gillian C., and Michael B. King, eds. 2000. Male victims of sexual assault. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
38.
Nandy, Ashis.1998. The intimate enemy: Loss and recovery of self under colonialism . New Delhi [India]: Oxford University Press.
39.
O’Donohue, William, Elizabeth A. Yeater, and Matthew Fanetti .2003. Rape prevention with college males: The roles of acceptance, victim empathy, and outcome expectancies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence18:513-31.
40.
Rennison, Callie.2002. Criminal victimization 2001: Changes 2000-01 with trends 1993-2001. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice-Office of Justice Programs.
41.
Roy, Sandip. 1998. Curry queens and other spices. In Q&A: Queer in Asian America, ed. David L. Eng and Alice Y. Hom, 256-61. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
42.
Sanday, Peggy Reeves.1990. Fraternity gang rape. New York: New York University Press.
43.
Scarce, Michael.1997. Male on male rape: The hidden toll of stigma and shame . Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing .
44.
Sekula, Allan.1986. The body and the archive. October, vol. 39 (winter), 3-64.
45.
Sinha, Mrinalini.1995. Colonial masculinity: The ‘manly Englishman’ and the ‘effeminate Bengali’ in the late nineteenth century. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
46.
Smith, Shawn Michelle.1999. American archives: Gender, race and class in visual culture . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
47.
Smith, Todd D.1994. Gay male pornography and the East: Re-orienting the Orient . History of Photography18:13-21.
48.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty.1996. The Spivak reader: Selected works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Ed. Donna Landry and Gerald MacLean. New York: Routledge.
49.
Tagg, John.1988. The burden of representation: Essays on photographies and histories. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
50.
Trachtenberg, Alan.1989. Reading American photographs: Images as history, from Matthew Brady to Walker Evans. New York: Hill and Wang.
51.
Warshaw, Robin.1988. I never called it rape: The M.S. report on recognizing, fighting, and surviving date and acquaintance rape. New York: Harper and Row.
52.
White, Victoria, Margaret Greene, and Elaine Murphy.2003. Men and reproductive health programs: Influencing gender norms. Washington, DC: The Synergy Project and USAID.