In this paper, measurements are presented which quantify the mass transfer of tracer
gases and water vapor between indoor air and a permeable and hygroscopic building
envelope. The transfer of tracer gases through the envelope requires the entire
envelope to be permeable, while the transfer of moisture requires sufficient
hygroscopic mass to be in contact with the indoor air. The results show that mass
transfer can improve the indoor air quality and climate. The diffusion of gases
through the building envelope significantly increases the effective ventilation rate
for poorly ventilated rooms, but only moderately increases the effective ventilation
for well-ventilated rooms. Moisture transfer, on the other hand, has a significant
influence on the indoor humidity for both poorly and well-ventilated rooms.
Bomberg, M.
,
Pazera, M.
,
Haghigat, F.
and
Grunewald, J.
(2002).
Modified Cup for Testing of Water Vapour Transmission Through Thick,
Permeable Materials
, In: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Building Physics in the
Nordic Countries, Trondheim, Norway.
7.
Braun, J.E.
(1990).
Reducing Energy Costs and Peak Electrical Demand Through Optimal Control of
Building Thermal Storage
, ASHRAE Trans., 96(2):
876–888
.
8.
Ekberg, L.E.
and
Kraenzmer, M.
(1998).
Determination of Ventilation Rates by CO2 Monitoring: Assessment of Inaccuracies
, In: Proceedings of Roomvent98, 2:
461–468
.
9.
Fang, L.
,
Clausen, G.
and
Fanger, P.O.
(1998a).
Impact of Temperature and Humidity on the Perception of Indoor Air Quality
, Indoor Air, 8:
80–90
.
10.
Fang, L.
,
Clausen, G.
and
Fanger, P.O.
(1998b).
Impact of Temperature and Humidity on the Perception of Indoor Air Quality
During Immediate and Longer Whole-body Exposures
, Indoor Air, 8:
276–284
.
11.
Gray, B.F.
,
Johnson, C.A.
,
Schoenau, G.J.
and
Besant, R.W.
(1988).
Energy Consumption and Economic Evaluation of Thermal Storage and Recovery
Systems for a Large Commercial Building
, ASHRAE Trans., 94(1):
412–424
.
12.
Harriman, L.G.
,
Witte, M.J.
,
Czachorski, M.
and
Kosar, D.R.
(1997).
Evaluating active desiccant systems for ventilating commercial buildings
, ASHRAE Journal, 41(10):
28–37
.
13.
Kamel, A.A.
,
Swami, M.V.
,
Chandra, S.
and
Fairey, P.W.
(1991).
An Experimental Study of Building-Integrated Off-Peak Cooling Using Thermal
and Moisture (“Enthalpy”) Storage Systems
, ASHRAE Trans., 97(2):
240–244
.
14.
Karagiozis, A.
,
Salonvaara, M.
and
Kumaran, K.
(1994). LATENITE Hygrothermal Material Property
Database, IEA Annex 24 Report T3-CA-94/03,
Trondheim, Norway
.
15.
Kosny, J.
,
Christian, J.E.
,
Desjarlais, A.O.
et al. (1998).
Performance Check Between Whole Building Thermal Performance Criteria and
Exterior Wall Measured Clear Wall R-Value, Thermal Bridging, Thermal Mass,
and Airtightness
, ASHRAE Trans., 104(2):
1379–1389
.
16.
Kumaran, M.K.
,
Lackey, J.
,
Normandin, N.
,
van Reenen, D.
and
Tariku, F.
(2002). Summary Report from Task 3 of MEWS Project, Hygrothermal
Properties of Several Common Building Materials, IRC-NRC Report 45369,
Ottawa, Canada,
68pp-68pp
, http://irc.nrccnrc.gc.ca/fulltext/rr110/rr110.pdf.
17.
Lamberg, P.
,
Jokisalo, J.
and
Siren, K.
(2000). The Effects on Indoor Comfort When Using Phase
Change Materials with Building Concrete Products, In:
Seppanen, O
and
J. Sateri
, (eds), In: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 2, pp.
751–756,
SIY Indoor Air Information OY
.
18.
Liddament, M.W.
and
Orme, M.
(1998).
Energy and Ventilation
, Applied Thermal Eng., 18:
1101–1109
.
19.
Nimmo, B.G.
,
Collier, R.K. Jr.
and
Rengarajan, R.
(1993).
DEAC: Desiccant Enhancement of Cooling-based Dehumidification
, ASHRAE Trans., 99(1):
842–848
.
20.
Padfield, T. (1998). The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating
Changes of Relative Humidity, PhD Thesis in the Department of Structural Engineering
and Materials, The Technical University of Denmark, Denmark, http://www.natmus.dk/cons/tp/phd/phd-indx.htm.
21.
Plathner, P.
,
Littler, J.
and
Cripps, A.
(1998).
Modelling Water Vapour Conditions in Dwellings
, In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Humidity
and Moisture, London, Vol. 2, pp.
64–72
.
22.
Plathner, P.
,
Littler, J.
and
Stephen, R.
(1999).
Dynamic Water Vapour Sorption: Measurement and Modelling
, In: Proceedings of IA99, Vol. 1, pp.
720–725
.
23.
Rengarajan, K.
,
Shirey, D.B. III
and
Raustad, R.A.
(1996).
Cost-Effective HVAC Technologies to Meet ASHRAE Standard 62–1989
in Hot and Humid Climates
, ASHRAE Trans., 102(1):
166–182
.
24.
Rode, C.
,
Grau, K.
and
Mitamura, T.
(2001).
Hygrothermal Conditions in the Envelope and Indoor Air of Buildings
, In: Proceedings (CD) of Performance of Exterior Envelopes of
Whole Buildings VIII: Integration of Building Envelopes, Clearwater
Beach, Florida, ASHRAE.
25.
Rode, C.
,
Salonvaara, M.
,
Ojanen, T.
,
Simonson, C.J.
,
Grau, K.
(2003).
Integrated Hygrothermal Analysis of Ecological Buildings
, In: Research in Building Physics: Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Building Physics, Leuven,
Belgium,
859–868
.
26.
Rudd, A.F.
(1994).
Development of Moisture Storage Coatings for Enthalpy Storage Wallboard
, ASHRAE Trans., 100(1):
84–90
.
27.
Ruud, M.D.
,
Mitchell, J.W.
and
Klein, S.A.
(1990).
Use of Building Thermal Mass to Offset Cooling Loads
, ASHRAE Trans., 96(2):
820–829
.
28.
Salonvaara, M.
and
Kokko, E.
(1999). Heat and Mass Transfer in Cellulose Fibre
Insulation Structures (Sellukuiturakenteiden lammon-ja aineensiirtotekninen
toiminta),
Espoo
, VTT Research Notes; 1946. 51pp-51pp.
ISBN 951-38-5650-X, 951-38-5651-8
http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/1999/T1946.pdf (in Finnish).
29.
Seppänen, O.
and
Vuolle, M.
(2000).
Cost Effectiveness of Some Remedial Measures to Control Summer Time
Temperatures in an Office Building
, In:
Seppanen, O.
and
Sateri, J.
(eds), In: Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2000, Vol. 1,
pp.
665–670
, SIY Indoor Air Information OY.
30.
Simonson, C.J.
(2000). Moisture, Thermal and Ventilation Performance of
Tapanila Ecological House, Espoo, VTT Research Notes; 2069,
141 pp+App. 5 pp-141 pp+App. 5 pp, http://www.inf.vtt.fi/pdf/tiedotteet/2000/T2069.pdf.
31.
Simonson, C.J.
,
Ojanen, T.
and
Salonvaara, M.
(2003).
Moisture Performance of a Vapor Permeable Building Envelope in a Cold Climate
, Submitted to the Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building
Science, August 2003.
32.
Simonson, C.J.
,
Salonvaara, M.
and
Ojanen, T.
(2004).
Heat and Mass Transfer Between Indoor Air and a Permeable and Hygroscopic
Building Envelope: Part II – Verification and Numerical Studies
, Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science, (in press).
33.
Sundell, J.
(1996).
What We Know and What Don’t Know about Sick Building Syndrome
, ASHRAE Journal, 38(6):
51–57
.
34.
Teischinger, A.
(1990).
Relations Between Sorption Activity of Wood and Air Relative Humidity
, Wood, 45(9):
249–254
, (in Slovak).
35.
TenWolde, A.
(1987).
A Mathematical Model for Indoor Humidity in Homes During Winter
, In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Air Infiltration,
Ventilation and Moisture Transfer, Fort Worth, Texas, Building
Envelope Coordinating Council, Washington DC.
36.
Toftum J.
and
Fanger, P.O.
(1999).
Air Humidity Requirements for Human Comfort
, ASHRAE Trans., 105(2):
641–647
.
37.
Toftum J.
,
Jorgensen, A.S.
and
Fanger, P.O.
(1998).
Upper Limits of Air Humidity for Preventing Warm Respiratory Discomfort
, Energy and Buildings, 28:
15–23
.
38.
Tsuchiya, T.
and
Sakano, K.
(1993).
Computer Simulation of Multi Room Temperature and Humidity Variation Under
Variable Infiltration Conditions
, In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Building Performance
Simulation Conference, pp.
401–406
.
39.
Virtanen, M.J.
,
Kunzel, H.M.
and
Simonson, C.J.
(2000). WS10 The Effect of Wood Based Materials on Indoor
Air Quality and Climate, In:
Seppanen, O.Tuomainen, M.
and
Sateri, J.
(eds), Healthy Buildings 2000 Workshop Summaries,
Espoo, Finland, Finnish Society of Indoor air
Quality and Climate
, pp. 55–60, http://www.hb2000.org/workshop10.html.
40.
Wyon, D.
(2000). In:
Clements-Croome, D.
(ed.), Individual Control at each Workplace: The Means and the Potential
Benefits,
Creating The Productive Workplace, E & FN Spon,
London and New York
.
