Epicutaneo-caval catheters have been widely used in neonatal intensive care units since Shaw has described them in 1973. These central venous access devices are usually placed at bedside and they have the purpose of delivering parenteral nutrition and/or drugs that are not compatible with the peripheral route. Even though in the last decade there was a fast advancement in the world of vascular access devices, such changes have only marginally affected the field of neonatal venous access. The aim of this editorial is to give 10 recommendations that correspond to 10 novelties in the field of epicutaneo-caval catheter: some are already evidence-based and should be introduced in our daily practice now, while others are particularly interesting and deserve further clinical studies.
SenguptaALehmannCDiener-WestM, et al. Catheter duration and risk of CLA-BSI in neonates with PICCs. Pediatrics2010; 125: 648–653.
2.
ErhardDMNguyenSGuyKJ, et al. Dwell times and risk of non-elective removal of 1-French peripherally inserted central catheters according to catheter tip position in very preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr2017; 176: 407–411.
3.
MasilamaniKvan der VoortJ.The management of acute hyperkalaemia in neonates and children. Arch Dis Child2012; 97: 376–380.
4.
van den BergJLööf ÅströmJOlofssonJ, et al. Peripherally inserted central catheter in extremely preterm infants: characteristics and influencing factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med2017; 10: 63–70.
5.
MilstoneAMReichNGAdvaniS, et al. Catheter dwell time and CLABSIs in neonates With PICCs: a multicenter cohort study. Pediatrics2013; 132: e1609–e1615.
6.
PittirutiM.Central venous catheters in neonates: old territory, new frontiers. J Vasc Access2013; 14: 318–319.
7.
RhondaliOAttofRCombetS, et al. Ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation in infants: supraclavicular approach. Paediatr Anaesth2011; 21: 1136–1141.
8.
GuilbertA-SXavierLAmmoucheC, et al. Supraclavicular ultrasound-guided catheterization of the subclavian vein in pediatric and neonatal ICUs. Pediatr Crit Care Med2013; 14: 351–355.
9.
Lausten-ThomsenUMerchaouiZDuboisC, et al. Ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation in low birth weight neonates. Pediatr Crit Care Med2017; 18: 172–175.
10.
BreschanCPlatzerMJostR, et al. Consecutive, prospective case series of a new method for ultrasound-guided supraclavicular approach to the brachiocephalic vein in children. Br J Anaesth2011; 106: 732–737.
11.
BreschanCPlatzerMJostR, et al. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular cannulation of the brachiocephalic vein in infants: a retrospective analysis of a case series. Paediatr Anaesth2012; 22: 1062–1067.
12.
BreschanCGrafGJostR, et al. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular cannulation of the right brachiocephalic vein in small infants: a consecutive, prospective case series. Paediatr Anaesth2015; 25: 943–949.
13.
KlugWTrifftererLKeplingerM, et al. Supraclavicular ultrasound-guided catheterization of the brachiocephalic vein in infants and children: a retrospective analysis. Saudi J Anaesth2016; 10: 143–148.
14.
BreschanCGrafGJostR, et al. A retrospective analysis of the clinical effectiveness of supraclavicular, ultrasound-guided brachiocephalic vein cannulations in preterm infants. Anesthesiology2018; 128: 38–43.
15.
OzkirazSGokmenZInceDA, et al. Peripherally inserted central venous catheters in critically ill premature neonates. J Vasc Access2013; 14: 320–304.
16.
WrightsonDD.Peripherally inserted central catheter complications in neonates with upper versus lower extremity insertion sites. Adv Neonatal Care2013; 13: 198–204.
17.
PittirutiMScoppettuoloG.Manuale Gavecelt Dei PICC E Dei Midline. 1st ed.Milan: EDRA S.p.A, 2016.
18.
PittirutiM.The ‘off-label’ use of PICCs. In: SandrucciMussaB (eds) Peripherally inserted central venous catheters. Milan: Springer, 2014, pp. 127–144.
19.
SpencerTRPittirutiM.Rapid central vein assessment (RaCeVA): a systematic, standardized approach for ultrasound assessment before central venous catheterization. J Vasc Access2018; 20: 239–249.
20.
PittirutiM.Ultrasound guided central vascular access in neonates, infants and children. Curr Drug Targets2012; 13: 961–969.
21.
LampertiMBodenhamARPittirutiM, et al. International evidence-based recommendations on ultrasound-guided vascular access. Intensive Care Med2012; 38: 1105–1117.
22.
NifongTPMcDevittTJ.The effect of catheter to vein ratio on blood flow rates in a simulated model of peripherally inserted central venous catheters. Chest2011; 140: 48–53.
23.
PettitJ.Assessment of infants with peripherally inserted central catheters: part 2. Detecting less frequently occurring complications. Adv Neonatal Care2003; 3: 14–26.
24.
PettitJ.Assessment of infants with peripherally inserted central catheters: part 1. Detecting the most frequently occurring complications. Adv Neonatal Care2002; 2: 304–315.
25.
BaroneGD’AndreaVVentoG, et al. A systematic ultrasound evaluation of the diameter of deep veins in the newborn: results and implications for clinical practice. Neonatology2019; 115: 335–340.
26.
Royal College of Nursing (Andrea Denton). Standards for infusion therapy. R Coll Nurs2016; 41–42.
27.
LampertiMPittirutiM.II. Difficult peripheral veins: turn on the lights. Br J Anaesth2013; 110: 888–891.
28.
RacadioJMDoellmanDAJohnsonND, et al. Pediatric peripherally inserted central catheters: complication rates related to catheter tip location. Pediatrics2004; 107: E28.
29.
JainADeshpandePShahP.Peripherally inserted central catheter tip position and risk of associated complications in neonates. J Perinatol2013; 33: 307–312.
30.
JainAMcNamaraPJNgE, et al. The use of targeted neonatal echocardiography to confirm placement of peripherally inserted central catheters in neonates. Am J Perinatol2012; 29: 101–106.
31.
TauzinLSigurNJoubertC, et al. Echocardiography allows more accurate placement of peripherally inserted central catheters in low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr2013; 102: 703–706.
32.
OhkiYTabataMKuwashimaM, et al. Ultrasonographic detection of very thin percutaneous central venous catheter in neonates. Acta Paediatr2010; 89: 1381–1384.
33.
ShekellePGPronovostPJWachterRM, et al. The top patient safety strategies that can be encouraged for adoption now. Ann Intern Med2013; 158: 365–368.
34.
EscourrouGDe LucaD.Lung ultrasound decreased radiation exposure in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatrica2016; 105: e237–e239.
35.
GeorgeLWaldmanJDCohenML, et al. Umbilical vascular catheters: localization by two-dimensional echocardio/aortography. Pediatr Cardiol1982; 2: 237–243.
36.
AdesASableCCummingsS, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of umbilical venous catheter placement. J Perinatol2003; 23: 24–28.
37.
GargAKHoustonABLaingJM, et al. Positioning of umbilical arterial catheters with ultrasound. Arch Dis Child1983; 58: 1017–1018.
38.
GreenbergMMovahedHPetersonB, et al. Placement of umbilical venous catheters with use of bedside real-time ultrasonography. J Pediatr1995; 126: 633–635.
39.
GorskiLHadawayLHagleME, et al. Infusion therapy standards of practice. J Infus Nurs2016; 39: S1–S159.
40.
MertensLSeriIMarekJ, et al. Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training: writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in collaboration with the European association of echocardiograph. Eur J Echocardiogr2011; 45: 131.
41.
PulickalASCharlagorlaPKTumeSC, et al. Superiority of targeted neonatal echocardiography for umbilical venous catheter tip localization: accuracy of a clinician performance model. J Perinatol2013; 33: 950–953.
42.
SharpeEPettitJEllsburyDL.A national survey of neonatal peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) practices. Adv Neonatal Care2013; 13: 55–74.
43.
KatheriaACFlemingSEKimJH.A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripherally inserted central catheters compared with standard radiograph in neonates. J Perinatol2013; 33: 791–794.
44.
BrissaudOHarperLLamireauD, et al. Sonography-guided positioning of intravenous long lines in neonates. Eur J Radiol2010; 73: e18–e21.
45.
CapassoAMastroianniRPassarielloA, et al. The intracavitary electrocardiography method for positioning the tip of epicutaneous cava catheter in neonates: pilot study. J Vasc Access2018; 19: 542–547.
46.
ZhouLJXuaHZXuMF, et al. An accuracy study of the Intracavitary Electrocardiogram (IC-ECG) guided peripherally inserted central catheter tip placement among neonates. Open Med2017; 12: 125–130.
47.
ZhouLXuHLiangJ, et al. Effectiveness of intracavitary electrocardiogram guidance in peripherally inserted central catheter tip placement in neonates. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs2017; 31: E2.
48.
GuptaRDrendelALHoffmannRG, et al. Migration of central venous catheters in neonates: a radiographic assessment. Am J Perinatol2016; 33: 600–604.
