A 10-Year-Old Boy With Ataxia-Telangiectasia: A Rare Case Report From Yemen

Introduction

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), or Louis-Bar syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting approximately 1 to 2 per 100 000 live births. ¹ It results from mutations in the ATM gene on chromosome 11q22-q23, which encodes a kinase crucial for DNA repair and cell cycle control. ² Dysfunction of this gene leads to a multisystem disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, and increased cancer susceptibility. ³ Patients typically present with gait ataxia, recurrent respiratory infections, and ocular telangiectasia, while laboratory findings show elevated alpha-fetoprotein and reduced immunoglobulin levels. ⁴ MRI often demonstrates cerebellar atrophy, and genetic testing confirms the diagnosis. ⁵ There is no curative therapy; management focuses on infection prevention, immunoglobulin replacement, cancer surveillance, and supportive rehabilitation. Prognosis remains poor, with most patients becoming wheelchair-bound in adolescence.^6,7 We report a 10-year-old boy with recurrent chest infections and neurological symptoms diagnosed with A-T—the first documented case in Yemen.

Case Presentation

A 10-year-old boy presented to the pulmonology clinic with productive cough, fever, dyspnea, and nasal congestion. The symptoms had a gradual onset and worsened over several days. His mother reported recurrent lower respiratory tract infections diagnosed as pneumonia since the age of 4, with transient improvement between episodes. He also had recurrent otitis media with purulent ear discharge.

Neurologically, the child had progressive gait imbalance and difficulty walking since age 4, gradually requiring assistance. Speech became slurred and effortful, with reduced articulation and mild dysphagia. There was a history of parental consanguinity, but no similar family illness (Figure 1).

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Figure 1.

Pedigree chart of a 10-year-old boy showing a history of consanguineous marriage in the family.

On general examination, he was alert and oriented (GCS 15/15) but appeared underweight. Chest auscultation revealed inspiratory crepitations over the right lower lung zone. Neurological examination showed broad-based ataxic gait, dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesia, and positive cerebellar signs on finger-to-nose, finger-to-finger, and heel-to-shin testing. Romberg’s sign was positive. Ocular examination revealed oculomotor apraxia, horizontal nystagmus, and prominent bulbar conjunctival telangiectasias (Figure 2). Cranial nerve function was otherwise intact, and there was no sensory loss, extrapyramidal rigidity, or peripheral neuropathy.

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Figure 2.

Bilateral ocular telangiectasia (black arrow) in a 10-year-old boy.

Laboratory results showed leukocytosis (18.8 × 10³/µL) with neutrophilia, and elevated CRP (81 mg/L). Immunological evaluation revealed markedly reduced IgA (25 mg/dL), IgG (39 mg/dL), and IgE (1 IU/mL), with normal IgM (149 mg/dL). Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was significantly elevated at 201 ng/mL. Sputum culture grew Staphylococcus aureus. Chest CT demonstrated right lower-lobe consolidation with air bronchogram (Figure 3), and brain MRI revealed cerebellar atrophy (Figure 4).

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Figure 3.

Chest CT showing consolidation in the anterior right lower lobe with an air bronchogram (blue arrow).

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Figure 4.

Cerebellar atrophy in T1-weighted sagittal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (red arrow).

Based on the characteristic clinical features, elevated AFP, cerebellar atrophy, and immunoglobulin deficiency, a diagnosis of Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) was established. Genetic confirmation for ATM mutation was recommended but not performed due to financial limitations.

The patient received antibiotic therapy for pneumonia and was started on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement. Influenza vaccination and speech therapy were advised. The family was counseled regarding the progressive nature of A-T, genetic implications, and the need for multidisciplinary follow-up with pulmonology, neurology, immunology, and rehabilitation services. The patient remains under regular follow-up and is clinically stable with ongoing supportive management.

Discussion

A-T is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1 to 2.4 per 100 000 live births globally. ⁸ It is caused by mutations in the ATM gene. ⁹ This condition is characterized by a combination of neurological, immunological, and systemic abnormalities, and typically manifests with progressive cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasia, recurrent infections, and an increased predisposition to malignancies. Symptoms usually manifest in early childhood, with ataxia being the earliest and most common feature, typically presenting within the first year of life. However, normal motor development between the ages of 2 to 5 years may mask the gradual progression of A-T, often leading to delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, as 60% of the patients are initially diagnosed with ataxic cerebral palsy.^10,11 Oculocutaneous telangiectasias, the second hallmark of AT, usually manifest between the ages of 3 and 6 years, primarily affecting the bulbar conjunctiva, eyelids, and skin folds. However, telangiectasias may not be present in all patients, and their absence can contribute to delayed diagnosis.^12,13 Additional neurological symptoms, such as oculomotor apraxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, myoclonic jerks, and tremors, can be present and significantly impair patients’ daily activities.^14,15 The neurological issues in A-T are progressive, with many patients becoming wheelchair-bound by their teenage years. Furthermore, these neurological impairments can lead to pulmonary complications, which may cause recurrent respiratory infections.^16,17 During the first 2 years of life, viral infections predominate, whereas in later childhood, common bacterial pathogens such as Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are more frequently encountered. These infections are closely linked to the severity of the humoral immunodeficiency, which justifies the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement therapy to reduce infection frequency and severity. ¹³ Additionally, aspiration pneumonia, resulting from dysphagia due to neurological deficits, and interstitial lung disease (ILD) are significant pulmonary manifestations in A-T. ILD affects approximately 25% of A-T patients, with a mean age of onset of 17.5 years. ¹⁸

The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) established diagnostic criteria for A-T, which include the presence of ataxia and at least 2 of the following: oculocutaneous telangiectasia, elevated AFP, chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 7 and 14, or cerebellar atrophy observed through MRI. ¹⁹

The definitive diagnosis of A-T is confirmed by genetic testing for ATM gene mutations. In cases where genetic testing is unavailable, diagnosis can be made based on clinical symptoms, lab results, and imaging studies. ²⁰ Key laboratory markers include elevated AFP, reduced immunoglobulin classes (particularly IgA, IgG2, and IgE), and lymphopenia, especially affecting T lymphocytes.^20,21 Elevated AFP levels are a reliable and easily detectable biomarker, observed in over 90% of A-T cases. ²² MRI of the brain is an essential diagnostic tool, typically revealing cerebellar atrophy, cerebral white matter lesions, and enlarged fourth ventricles. ⁹ In the present case, differential diagnoses for progressive ataxia and immune dysfunction were carefully considered. Friedreich ataxia was excluded by the presence of normal sensory examination and absence of cardiomyopathy. Cerebral palsy was ruled out due to normal perinatal history and absence of early developmental delay. Metabolic and acquired causes were excluded based on normal metabolic panels, negative infectious workup, and absence of hepatic or renal abnormalities. These findings, combined with elevated AFP, immunoglobulin deficiency, and MRI evidence of cerebellar atrophy, strongly supported the diagnosis of A-T. Furthermore, the patient was born to consanguineous parents, which reinforces the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of A-T. Consanguinity increases the likelihood of homozygosity for rare pathogenic variants, contributing to a higher incidence of autosomal recessive disorders in certain regions. Highlighting this genetic background underscores the importance of genetic counseling for affected families and communities, particularly in areas where consanguineous marriages are common. Early counseling and carrier screening can aid in prevention, early diagnosis, and family planning. Management of A-T is symptomatic and supportive, as no curative treatment exists. IVIG replacement therapy is essential for addressing hypogammaglobulinemia and reducing infection rates. ¹⁴ Aggressive antibiotic therapy is vital for bacterial infections, while vaccinations, such as conjugated pneumococcal vaccines, may help prevent infections.^15,23 Multidisciplinary care, involving immunologists, pulmonologists, neurologists, and physiatrists, is critical for monitoring disease progression and managing complications. ²⁰ Physical and occupational therapy can maintain mobility, while speech therapy addresses communication difficulties. Cancer screening is imperative, though radiation exposure should be minimized due to radiosensitivity. ²³

Conclusion

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare neuroimmunological disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, and immune deficiency. Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, elevated alpha-fetoprotein, characteristic MRI findings, and confirmation through genetic testing. Supportive multidisciplinary management—including intravenous immunoglobulin replacement, infection control, and rehabilitation—remains essential for improving patients’ quality of life.

This case represents the first reported instance of A-T in Yemen, emphasizing the need to raise clinical awareness among healthcare professionals to consider A-T in children presenting with recurrent respiratory infections and progressive neurological decline. Early recognition, timely referral for genetic counseling, and improved access to diagnostic resources are crucial to prevent delayed diagnosis and enhance patient outcomes in resource-limited settings.

Methods

The work has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria. ²⁴