The improvement of reciprocating engine efficiency, together with the responsible use of worldwide energy resources and the reduction of pollutant emissions, are significant challenges to be addressed by the automotive industry. Friction and wear problems directly affect the engine efficiency and continue to motivate the study of more effective lubricants. The present work analyzes the contribution of the use of alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3) as additives in lubricating oil of SAE grade 5W30 to improve the efficiency of reciprocating engines. Sliding friction tests were carried out with varying concentrations and size of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base oil, mimicking the motion between the piston rings and the cylinder liner via a universal tribometer and a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR). Although the addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles always showed an improved tribological behavior compared to the base oil, the best strategy to get a better lubricating property was to add low concentration (0.05 wt.%) of larger sized nanoparticles (20 nm). A reduction in Coefficient of Friction (COF) up to 11% and 34%, compared to pure oil was achieved with the universal tribometer and the HFRR, respectively. The particularities of wear mechanisms and the lubricating properties of all samples under different test conditions are examined throughout this work.
BedajangamSKJadhavbNP. Friction losses between piston ring-liner assembly of internal combustion engine: A review. Int. J. Sci. Res2013; 3: 1–3. ISSN2250-3153.
2.
FangCMengXKongX,et al.Transient tribo-dynamics analysis and friction loss evaluation of piston during cold- and warm-start of a SI engine. Int. J. Mech. Sci2017; 133: 767–787.
3.
AliMKAXianjunHMaiL,et al.Improving the tribological characteristics of piston ring assembly in automotive engines using Al2O3 and TiO2 nanomaterials as nano-lubricant additives. Tribol. Int2016; 103: 540–554.
4.
GundarneeyaTPVakhariaDP. Performance analysis of journal bearing operating on nanolubricants with TiO2, CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricant additives. Mater Today Proc2021; 45: 5624–5630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.350
5.
TangZLiS. A review of recent developments of friction modifiers for liquid lubricants (2007–present). Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci2014; 18: 119–139.
6.
LeeKHwangYCheongS,et al.Understanding the role of nanoparticles in nano-oil lubrication. Tribol. Lett2009; 35: 127–131.
7.
KananathanJSamykanoMSudhakarK, et al.Nanofluid as coolant for grinding process: An overview. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng2018; 342: 012078.
8.
AliMKAXianjunH. Improving the tribological behavior of internal combustion engines via the addition of nanoparticles to engine oils. Nanotechnol. Rev2015; 4: 347–358.
9.
ASTM D172. Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method).
10.
HutchingsIShipwayP. Tribology: friction and wear of engineering materials. Butterworth-heinemann. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2017. ISBN: 9780081009512.
11.
KoshyCPRajendrakumarPKThottackkadMV. Evaluation of the tribological and thermo-physical properties of coconut oil added with MoS2 nanoparticles at elevated temperatures. Wear2015; 330-331: 288–308.
12.
KalinMKogovšekJRemškarM. Mechanisms and improvements in the friction and wear behavior using MoS2 nanotubes as potential oil additives. Wear2012; 280-281: 36–45.
13.
HongmeiXBinJChangpingT,et al.Experimental evaluation of MoS2 nanosheets as lubricant additive in different types of base oil for magnesium alloy/ steel pairs. Mater Res Express2019; 6: 066575.
14.
ZhangWDemydovDJahanMP,et al.Fundamental understanding of the tribological and thermal behavior of ag–MoS2 nanoparticle based multi-component lubricating system. Wear2012; 288: 9–16.
15.
YangJZhangHChenB,et al.Fabrication of the g-C3N4/Cu nanocomposite and its potential for lubrication applications. RSC Adv2015; 5: 64254–64260.
16.
MengYSuFChenY. Au/graphene oxide nanocomposite synthesized in supercritical co2 fluid as energy efficient lubricant additive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2017; 9: 39549–39559.
17.
GuzmanBFLRibeiroOSJSeabraMLLM,et al.Experimental investigation of the tribological behavior of lubricants with additive containing copper nanoparticles. Tribol Int2018; 117: 52–58.
18.
WuHWangLJohnsonB,et al.Investigation on the lubrication advantages of MoS2 nanosheets compared with ZDDP using block-on-ring tests. Wear2018; 394–395: 40–49.
ChouRBattezAHCabelloJJ,et al.Tribological behavior of polyalphaolefin with the addition of nickel nanoparticles. Tribol. Int2010; 43: 2327–2332.
21.
JengYRHuangYHTsaiPC,et al.Tribological performance of oil-based lubricants with carbon-fe nanocapsules aditive. Tribol. Trans2015; 58: 924–929.
22.
WuHZhaoJChengX, et al.Friction and wear characteristics of TiO2 nano-additive water-based lubricant on ferritic stainless steel. Tribol. Int2018; 117: 24–38.
23.
IngoleSCharanpahariAKakadeA,et al.Tribological behavior of nano TiO2 as an additive in base oil. Wear2013; 301: 776–785.
24.
FanXLiWFuH,et al.Probing the function of solid nanoparticle structure under boundary lubrication. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2017; 5: 4223–4233.
25.
ASTM G181. Standard Test Method for Conducting Friction Tests of Piston Ring and Cylinder Liner Materials Under Lubricated Conditions.
26.
AliMKAXianjunHEssaFA. Friction and wear reduction mechanisms of the reciprocating contact interfaces using nanolubricant under different loads and speeds. J. Tribol2018; 140: 051606.
27.
AliMKAXianjunHAbdelkareemMAA,et al.Novel approach of the graphene nanolubricant for energy saving via antifriction/wear in automobile engines. Tribol Int2018; 124: 209–229.
28.
RasheedAKKhalidMJaveedA,et al.A heat transfer and tribological performance of graphene nanolubricant in an internal combustion engine. Tribol. Int2016; 103: 504–515.
29.
RashmiWKhalidMXiaoY,et al.Tribological studies on graphene/ TEM based nanolubricant. J. Eng. Sci. Technol2017; 12: 365–373.
30.
YuHLXuYShiPJ,et al.Characterization and nanomechanical properties of tribofilms using Cu nanoparticles as additives. Surf Coating Technol2008; 203: 28–34.
31.
KotiaAKumarRHaldarA,et al.Characterization of Al2O3-SAE 15W40 engine oil nanolubricant and performance evaluation in 4-stroke diesel engine. Journal of the J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng2018; 40: 38.
32.
LuoTWeiXHuangX,et al.Tribological properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricating oil aditives. Ceram. Int2014; 40: 7143–7149.
33.
SolimnaE. Flow of heavy oils at low temperatures: Potential challenges and solutions. London: Intech open, 2019. 10.5772/intechopen.82286.
GulzarMMasjukiHHVarmanM,et al.Improving the AW/EP ability of chemically modified palm oil by adding CuO and MoS2 nanoparticles. Tribol Int2015; 88: 271–279.
36.
ZinVAgrestFBarisonmS,et al.Tribological properties of engine oil with carbon nano-horns as nano-additives. Tribol Lett2014; 55: 45–53.
37.
WoydtMKellingN. Testing the tribological properties of lubricants and materials for the system “piston ring cylinder liner” outside of engines. Ind. Lubr. Tribol2003; 55: 213–222.
38.
JuniorMMO. Efeito de partículas de desgaste no comportamento tribológico de metais. 136 f. Tese (pós-graduação) - Curso de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia. 2018.
39.
EN ISO 12156-1. Diesel fuel. Assessment of lubricity using the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR). Part 1: Test method. 2006.
40.
ASTM D 6079. Standard test method for evaluating lubricity of diesel fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR). 1999.
41.
LapuertaMGarcía-ContrerasRAgudeloJR. Lubricity of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Energ Fuels2010; 24: 1374–1379.
42.
LordJLarssonR. Film-forming capability in rough surface EHL investigated using contact resistance. Tribol Int2008; 41: 831–838.
43.
StribeckRSchröterM. Die wesentlichen eigenschaften der gleit-und rollenlager: untersuchung einer tandem-verbundmaschine von 1000 PS. New York: Springer, 1903.
44.
XieHJiangBHuX,et al.Synergistic effect of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles as lubricant additives for magnesium alloy–steel contacts. Nanomater2017; 7: 54.
45.
AffenzellerJGläserH. Lagerung und schmierung von verbrennungsmotoren. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2013.
46.
HutchingsIShipwayP. Tribology: friction and wear of engineering materials. 2nd ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.
JaveedAJohnBManaAP. Tribological performance of engine oil with graphene oxide nano additives on cylinder liner honing surface at high contact pressure. Mater. Today Proc2021; 45: 4008–4011.
49.
De SilvaPRPriestMLeePM,et al.Tribometer investigation of the frictional response of piston rings with lubricant contaminated with the gasoline engine biofuel ethanol and water. Tribol. Lett2011; 43: 107–120.
50.
PapadopoulosPPriestMRainforthWM. Investigation of fundamental wear mechanisms at the piston ring and cylinder wall interface in internal combustion engines. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology2007; 221: 333.
51.
AsnidaMHishamSAwangNW, et al.Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles as additve in engine oil to increase the durability of piston-liner contact. Fuel2018; 212: 656–667.
52.
StelmakhAUPilgunYVKolenovSO,et al.Reduction of friction and wear by grooves applied on the nanoscale polished surface in boundary lubrication conditions. Nanoscale Res. Lett2014; 9: 226.
53.
PearsonSRShipwayPHAbereJO,et al.The effect of temperature on wear and friction of a high strength steel in fretting. Wear2013; 303: 622–631.
54.
LiuYXinLZhangY,et al.The effect of Ni nanoparticles on the lubrication of a DLC-based solid–liquid synergetic system in all lubrication regimes. Tribol Lett2017; 65: 31.
