Study of the rotating arc on the tribological behavior of hardbanding for oil drilling tubes

Abstract

In this work, four welded coupons were evaluated with a welding speed of 5, 9, 11 and 13 mm/s. A semi-automatic welding process was used under gas protection, using a 1.6 mm diameter tubular wire. The chemical composition was analyzed on each welded coupon, the dilution percentage was determined, the dimensional of the beads was carried out and the microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the Vickers microhardness HV₂ in the middle of the bead were measured. It was found that the dilution decreased up to 22% (a decrease of 80% compared to traditional welds). Furthermore, the beads presented less refusion with the base material, increasing their width and penetration. A microstructure formed by an “α matrix” was observed, with complex metallic carbides and carboborides which increased in quantity when considering the effects of the rotating arc method Also, it was observed a microstructure formed by a matrix α with complex metal carbides and carboborides that increased in quantity with the effect of the rotating arc. The hardness of the beads varied between 720 and 780 HV₂. The weight loss and the friction coefficient decreased with the application of the arc rotation. These changes would be related to the increase in non-metallic phases.

Keywords

Wear iron base dilution hardness hardbanding

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

El Sabeh

Gaurina

Mijić

, et al. Extended-Reach drilling (ERD)—the main problems and current achievements. Appl Sci 2023; 13: 4112.

Rehm

Haghshenas

Alyami

. CHAPTER 5. Air and Gas Drilling (Drilling Dry and with Mist). 2012, p.297

Mobley

. Current hardbanding techniques protect pipe, casing. Drilling Contractor 2005; 61: 21–22.

Badicioiu

. Experimental Researches to Establish the Optimum Hardbanding Technology and Materials of the Heavy Weight Drill Pipe. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2020.

Duff

. SSC Hardbanding Report, ROGTEG. https://www.rogtecmagazine.com/ssc-hardbanding-report/ . 2017.

Datasheet Eutectic Castolin OTW 13CF. https://www.castolin.com/sites/default/files/2019-10/76786_OTW_Hardbanding_Brochure_EN_lr.pdf

Sankar

Malarvizhi

Balasubramanian

. Effect of rotating arc on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of gas metal arc welded carbon steel joints. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal 2021; 10: 541–559.

Silva

. Weld revolution, experimental study of SpinArc technology. CWA J. 2018; 25: 12–17.

Sugitani

Kobayashi

Murayama

. Development and application of automatic high-speed rotation arc welding. Weld. Int 1991; 5: 577–583.

10.

Kang

. Characteristics of welding and arc signal in narrow groove gas metal arc welding using electromagnetic arc oscillation. Sup. Weld. J 2003; 90: 93–99.

11.

Rao

. Development of arc rotation mechanism and experimental studies on pulsed GMA welding with and without arc rotation, Ph.D. Thesis, Available from IIT Kharagpur Library, India. Thesis completed. 2004.

12.

Sanjay Kumar

Srinivasa

Ramakrishna

. Effects of eccentricity and arc rotational speed on weld bead geometry in pulsed GMA welding of 5083 aluminum alloy. J. Mech. Eng. Res 2011; 3: 186–196.

13.

Silva

RHG

Schwedersky

Santos

AGM

, et al. Effects of the rotating arc technique on the GMA welding process. Technical Papers, Soldag. insp 2020; 25: 1–9.

14.

Parthiban

Siva

Sankaranarayanasamy

, et al. Studies on spin arc welding process on the behavior of C1018 plates-an insight into mechanical and metallurgical transformation. Mat Res Exp 2019; 6: 1–10.

15.

Nallasamy

Balasubramanian

Malarvizhi

. Effect of rotating arc on mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of gas metal arc welded carbon steel joints. Metallography Microstructure and Analysis 2021; 4: 1–19.

16.

Karthic Subramaniyan

Kumaravel Srividhya

Kesavan

. Study on mechanical and micro structural properties of spin arc welding in hastelloy C-2000. Revista de Metalurgia 2023; 59: e252.

17.

Funderburk

. Spinarc™ welding system explained. Weld J 2015; 94: 34–37.

18.

Menon

O'Brien

, et al. (Eds.) Chapter 7 – Surfacing Materials. In: Welding Handbook, Volume 4 - Materials and Applications, Part 1. 2022, p.212

19.

Chan

Hannashs

Jellison

, et al. Evolution of Drilling Programs and Complex well profile drives Development of Fourth- Generation Hardband Technology. IADC/SPE 112740. Article. 2008

20.

Lancaster

. The electric arc in welding. The Physics of Welding 1986; 1: 146–227.

21.

Liu . Effect of cooling rate and Ti addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties in as cast condition of hyperecutectic high chromium cast irons. ISIJ Int 2012; 52: 2210–2219.

22.

Zhang

Wang

Yang

, et al. Composition equivalents of stainless steels understood via gamma stabilizing efficiency. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 5423.

23.

Han

Zhang

, et al. Effects of niobium on microstructure, hardness and wear behavior for high-speed steel rolls. Metall Mater Trans A 2023; 54: 3271–3285.

24.

Kim

Park

, et al. Effects of alloying elements on microstructure, hardness, and fracture toughness of centrifugally cast high-speed steel rolls. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2005; 36: 87–97.

25.

Pawar

Jha

Mukhopadhyay

. Effect of different carbides on the wear resistance of Fe-based hardfacing alloys. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 2019; 78: 288–295.

26.

Bahoosh

Shahverdi

Farnia

. Abrasive Wear Behavior and Its Relation with the Macro-indentation Fracture Toughness of an Fe-Based Super-Hard Hardfacing Deposit. Tribol Lett 2019; 67: 1–14.

27.

Zum Gahr

K-H

. Microstructure and wear of materials tribology series. 1er ed. North Holland, 1987, p.559.