This article draws attention to a fundamental reconstitution of the global public
domain — away from one that for more than three centuries equated the
‘public’ in international politics with sovereign states and the
interstate realm to one in which the very system of states is becoming embedded in a
broader and deepening transnational arena concerned with the production of global
public goods. One concrete instance of this transformation is the growing
significance of global corporate social responsibility initiatives triggered by the
dynamic interplay between civil society actors and multinational corporations. The
UN Global Compact and corporate involvement in HIV/AIDS treatment programs are
discussed as examples. The analytical parameters of the emerging global public
domain are defined and some of its consequences illustrated by the chain of
responses to the Bush Administration’s rejection of the Kyoto Protocol by
a variety of domestic and transnational social actors.
Act Up
(2002) ‘AIDS Activists Protest Coke’s
Deadly Neglect of Workers with AIDS in Developing Countries’. http://www.actupny.org/reports/bcn?BCNcoke.html.
2.
Adelman, Carol C.
(2003)
‘The Privatization of Foreign Aid’
, Foreign Affairs82(6):
9–14
.
3.
Altman, Lawrence T.
(2002) ‘Former Presidents Urge Leadership on
AIDS’, New York Times, 13 July: A15-A15.
4.
Amnesty International
(2003) ‘The Human Rights Responsibilities of
Companies’. http://www.amnesty.org.uk/images/ul/U/UN_norms_Business_final_aw.pdf.
5.
Anglo American
(2003) ‘Anglo American Plc Supporting HIV and AIDS
Awareness’. http://www.angloamerican.co.uk/hivaids/ourresponse/policy.asp.
6.
Anholt, Simon
(2003) Brand New Justice: The Upside of Global
Branding.
Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
.
7.
Arthurs, Harry
(2001) ‘The Re-constitution of the Public
Domain’, in
Daniel Drache
(ed.) The Market or the Public Domain?London: Routledge
.
8.
Ball, Jeffrey
(2003)
‘Global Warming Threatens Health of Companies’
, Wall Street Journal, 16 April:
A2-A2
.
9.
Barnett, Michael
(2002) Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and
Rwanda.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
.
10.
Barrett, Diana
and
Daniella Ballou
(2003) ‘Heineken International: Workplace HIV/AIDS
Programs in Africa’, Harvard Business School Case No. 9-303-063.
Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
.
11.
Blackhurst, Richard
(1981)
‘The Twilight of Domestic Economies’
, World Economy4(4):
357–374
.
12.
Bloom, David E.
,
Lakshmi Reddy Bloom
,
David Steven
and
Mark Weston
(2003) Business and HIV/AIDS: Who me?Geneva: World Economic Forum
.
13.
Bolton, John R.
(2000)
‘Should We Take Governance Seriously?’
, Chicago Journal of International Law1(2):
205–221
.
14.
Brainard, Lael
and
Michael O’Hanlon
(2003) ‘The Heavy Price of America’s
Going it Alone’, Financial Times, 6 August: 17-17.
15.
Braithwaite, John
and
Peter Drahos
(2000) Global Business Regulation.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
Cashore, Benjamin
(2002)
‘Legitimacy and the Privatization of Environmental Governance:
How Non-State Market-Driven Governance Systems Gain Rule-Making Authority’
, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions15(4):
503–530
.
18.
Center for Business and Government
(2003) ‘HIV/AIDS and Business in Africa and Asia:
Building Sustainable Partnerships’.
http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cbg/hivaids/home.htm.
Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University
.
19.
Center for Civic Society Studies
(1999) Global Civil Society — Dimensions of the
Non-Profit Sector.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
.
20.
Chiang, Harriet
(2002) ‘Court Says Nike Must Defend its PR; Free
Speech Doesn’t Protect Labor Claims’, San
Francisco Chronicle, 3 May: A1-A1.
21.
Chicago Climate Exchange (2000) http://www.chicagoclimateexchange.com.
22.
Clausing, Kimberly A.
(2001) ‘The Behavior of Intrafirm Trade Prices in
US International Price Data’, US Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, BLS Working Paper 333 (January): 1–41.
23.
Cortese, Amy
(2002) ‘As the Earth Warms, Will Companies Pay?’New York Times, 18 August: 3–6.
24.
Cutler, A. Claire
(2002) ‘Private International Regimes and
Interfirm Cooperation’, in
Rodney Hall Bruce
and
Thomas J. Biersteker
(eds) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
25.
Cutler, A. Claire
,
Virginia Haufler
and
Tony Porter
(eds) (1999) Private Authority and International
Affairs.
Albany, NY: SUNY Press
.
26.
Department of Trade and Industry
(2004) ‘Company Law: Draft Regulations on the
Operating and Financial Review and Directors’ Report —
A Consultative Document’. http://www.dti.gov.uk/cld/condocs.htm.
27.
Distlerath, Linda
(2002) ‘African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS
Partnership’. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cbg/hiv-aids/ksg/Distlerath_presentation.pdf.
28.
Drache, Daniel
(2001) ‘The Return of the Public Domain After
the Triumph of Markets’, in
Daniel Drache
(ed.) The Market or the Public Domain?London: Routledge
.
29.
Drake, William
(2001) ‘Communications’, in
P.J. Simmons
and
Chantal De Jonge Oudraat
(eds) Managing Global Issues.
Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace
.
30.
Drake, William
and
Kalypso Nicolaidis
(1992)
‘Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: “Trade in
Services” and the Uruguay Round’
, International Organization46(1):
37–100
.
31.
Easton, David
(1965) A Framework for Political Analysis.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
.
32.
Europe Energy
(2001) ‘Statoil Signs Agreement with
ICEM’, Europe Energy, 30 March.
33.
Evangelista, Matthew
(1999) Unarmed Force: The Transnational Movement to End the
Cold War.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
.
34.
Fidler, Stephen
and
Mark Husband
(2003) ‘Bush Foreign Policy is Creating Risks
for US Companies’, Financial Times, 11 November: 13-13.
35.
Financial Times(2004) ‘Companies Take Early
Action’, 20 May: 15-15.
36.
Franck, Thomas M.
(2003) ‘Interpretation and Change in the Law of
Humanitarian Intervention’, in
J.L. Holzgrefe
and
Robert O. Keohane
(eds) Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political
Dilemmas.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
37.
Fr®obel, Folker
,
Jurgen Heinrichs
and
Otto Kreye
(1980) The International Division of Labor.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
.
38.
Garcia-Johnson, Ronie
(2000) Exporting Environmentalism: U.S. Multinational
Chemical Corporations in Brazil and Mexico.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
39.
Garrett, Geoffrey
(1998) Partisan Politics in the Global Economy.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
40.
Garrett, Geoffrey
(2000)
‘Capital Mobility, Exchange Rates and Fiscal Policy’
, Review of International Political Economy7(1):
153–170
.
41.
Garrett, Geoffrey
and
Deborah Mitchell
(2001)
‘Globalization, Government Spending and Taxation in the OECD’
, European Journal of Political Research39(2):
145–177
.
42.
Geertz, Clifford
(1973) The Interpretation of Cultures.
New York: Basic Books
.
43.
Gereffi, Gary
(1999)
‘International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel
Commodity Chain’
, Journal of International Economics48(1):
37–70
.
44.
Gereffi, Gary
(2001)
‘Shifting Governance Structures in Global Commodity Chains’
, American Behavioral Scientist44(10):
1616–1637
.
45.
Gereffi, Gary
,
Ronie Garcia-Johnson
and
Erika Sasser
(2001)
‘The NGO-Industrial Complex’
, Foreign Policy125 (July–August):
56–66
. Global Business Coalition to Combat HIV/AIDS and Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
46.
Tuberculosis & Malaria (2003) ‘Nine
Major Companies Commit to Co-Investment to Expand Community HIV/AIDS Programs
Using Corporate Infrastructure’, Press release, 3 December.
47.
Global Reporting Initiative (2002) http://www.globalreporting.org.
48.
Hakim, Danny
(2003) ‘States Plan Suit to Prod U.S. on Global
Warming’, New York Times, 4 October: C1-C1.
49.
Hall, Rodney Bruce
and
Thomas J. Biersteker
(eds) (2002) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global
Governance.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
50.
Harris, Gardiner
and
Laurie McGinley
(2001)
‘AIDS Gaffes in Africa Come Back to Haunt Drug Industry at Home’
, Wall Street Journal, 23 April:
A1-A1
.
51.
Harvard Law Review(2001)
‘Corporate Liability for Violations of International Human Rights Law’
, 114 (May):
2025–2048
.
52.
Haufler, Virginia
(2001) A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry
Self-Regulation in a Global Economy.
Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace
.
53.
Holzgrefe, J.L.
and
Robert O. Keohane
(eds) (2003) Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and
Political Dilemmas.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
54.
Houlder, Vanessa
(2003) ‘Climate Change could be Next Legal
Battlefield’, Financial Times, 14 July: 10-10.
55.
Houlder, Vanessa
(2004a) ‘Swiss Re Changes the
Climate’, Financial Times, 27 April: 10-10.
56.
Houlder, Vanessa
(2004b) ‘A Change in the Climate: Will Russia
Help the Kyoto Protocol Come into Force?’Financial Times, 20 May: 15-15.
57.
Hymer, Stephen
(1972) ‘The Multinational Corporation and the
Law of Uneven Development’, in
Jagdish Bhagwati
(ed.) Economics and World Order.
New York: Free Press
.
58.
ILO and Global Fund
(2003) ‘Co-Investment: A Central Mechanism for
Establishing Public Private Partnerships at Country Level’,
Press release, 1 July.
59.
International Business Leaders Forum
(2000) The Business of Peace: The Private Sector as a Partner
in Conflict Prevention and Resolution.
London: IBLF
.
60.
International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General
Workers’ Unions
(2002) ‘Historic First for Mining in Africa
— Anglo Gold Signs Global Labour Agreement’. http://www.icem.org/update/upd2002/upd02-36.html.
61.
Keck, Margaret E.
and
Kathryn Sikkink
(1998) Activists Beyond Borders.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
.
62.
Kell, Georg
and
David Levin
(2003)
‘The Global Compact Learning Network: An Historic Experiment in
Learning and Action’
, Business and Society Review108(2):
151–181
.
63.
Keohane, Robert O.
and
Joseph S. Nye, Jr
(1972) Transnational Relations and World Politics.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
64.
Keohane, Robert O.
and
Joseph S. Nye, Jr
(1977) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in
Transition.
Boston, MA: Little Brown
.
65.
Kobrin, Stephen J.
(1998)
‘The MAI and the Clash of Globalizations’
, Foreign Policy112 (fall):
97–110
.
66.
Kobrin, Stephen J.
(2002) ‘Economic Governance in an Electronically
Networked Global Economy’, in
Rodney Hall Bruce
and
Thomas J. Biersteker
(eds) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
67.
Kolko, Gabriel
(1963) The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of
American History, 1900–1916.
New York: Free Press
.
68.
Kolko, Gabriel
(1965) Railroads and Regulation: 1877–1916.
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
.
69.
Krasner, Stephen
(ed.) (1983) International Regimes.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
.
70.
Kratochwil, Friedrich
and
John G. Ruggie
(1986)
‘International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State’
, International Organization40(4):
753–775
.
71.
Lawrence, Robert Z.
and
Matthew J. Slaughter
(1993) ‘International Trade and American Wages
in the 1980s: Giant Sucking Sound or Small Hiccup?’Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, No. 2: 161–210.
72.
Lee, Jennifer
(2003) ‘The Warming Is Global But the
Legislating, in the U.S., Is All Local’, New York
Times, 29 October: A20-A20.
73.
Leipziger, Deborah
(2001) SA 8000: The Definitive Guide to the New Social
Standard.
London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall
.
74.
Lindsay, Robert Ahomka
(2003) ‘The Coca-Cola Africa Foundation/Coca-Cola
Bottlers in Africa HIV/AIDS Program’. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cbg/hivaids/workshop_ksg.htm.
75.
Lorenz, Edward C.
(2001) Defining Global Justice: The History of U.S.
International Labor Standards Policy.
South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
.
76.
Macedo, Stephen
(ed.) (2004) Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the
Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
.
77.
McKinsey & Co.
(2004) ‘Assessing the Global Compact’s
Impact’. http://www.unglobalcompact.org.
78.
Marshall, Monty G.
and
Ted Robert Gurr
(2003) Peace and Conflict 2003: A Global Survey of Armed
Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy.
College Park: University of Maryland, Center
for International Development and Conflict Management
.
79.
Medeiros, Evan S.
and
M. Taylor Fravel
(2003)
‘China’s New Diplomacy’
, Foreign Affairs82 (November–December):
22–36
.
80.
Nicholls, Mark
(2002)
‘Executives Could Lose Climate Change Insurance Coverage’
, Environmental Finance4(2):
8-8
.
81.
Nike
(2003) ‘Nike, Inc. and Kasky Announce Settlement of
Kaskyv. NikeFirst Amendment Case’.
http://www.nike.com/nikebiz/news/pressrelease. jhtml?year =
2003&month = 09&letter = f.
82.
OECD
(2001) Corporate Responsibility: Private Initiatives and
Public Goals.
Paris: OECD
.
83.
Parson, Edward
(1993) ‘Protecting the Ozone
Layer’, in
Peter M. Haas
,
Marc A. Levy
and
Robert O. Keohane
(eds) Institutions for the Earth.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
.
84.
Power, Samantha
(2002) ‘ A Problem from
Hell’: America and the Age of Genocide.
New York: Basic Books
.
85.
Price, Richard
(2003)
‘Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics’
, World Politics55(4):
579–607
.
86.
Rabkin, Jeremy
(1999) Why Sovereignty Matters.
Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute
.
87.
Revkin, Andrew C.
and
Neela Banerjee
(2001) ‘Energy Executives Urge Voluntary
Greenhouse-Gas Limits’, New York Times, 1 August: C1-C1.
88.
Rodrik, Dani
(1997) Has Globalization Gone Too Far?Washington, DC: Institute of International Economics
.
89.
Rosen, Sidney
and
Jon L. Simon
(2003)
‘Shifting the Burden: The Private Sector’s Response to
the AIDS Epidemic in Africa’
, Bulletin of the World Health Organization81(2):
131–137
.
90.
Rosenau, James N.
and
Ernst-Otto Czempiel
(eds) (1992) Governance Without Government: Order and Change
in World Politics.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
91.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1975)
‘International Responses to Technology’
, International Organization29(3):
557–583
.
92.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1983) ‘International Regimes, Transactions and
Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order’,
in
Stephen Krasner
(ed.) International Regimes.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
.
93.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1993a)
‘Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in
International Relations’
, International Organization46(1).
94.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1993b) ‘Unraveling Trade: Global Institutional
Change and the Pacific Economy’, in
Richard Higott
,
Richard Leaver
and
John Ravenhill
(eds) Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s: Cooperation or Conflict?Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
.
95.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1998a) Constructing the World Polity.
London: Routledge
.
96.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(1998b)
‘What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the
Social Constructivist Challenge’
, International Organization52(4):
855–885
.
97.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(2002)
‘The Theory and Practice of Learning Networks: Corporate Social
Responsibility and the Global Compact’
, Journal of Corporate Citizenship5 (spring):
27–36
.
98.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(2003) ‘Taking Embedded Liberalism Global: The
Corporate Connection,’ in
David Held
and
Mathias Koenig-Archibugi
(eds) Taming Globalization: Frontiers of Governance.
Cambridge: Polity Press
.
99.
Ruggie, John Gerard
(forthcoming) ‘American Exceptionalism, Exemptionalism and
Global Governance’, in
Michael Ignatieff
(ed.) American Exceptionalism and Human Rights.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.
100.
Sassen, Saskia
(1996) Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of
Globalization.
New York: Columbia University Press
.
101.
Sassen, Saskia
(2002) ‘The State and
Globalization’, in
Rodney Bruce Hall
and
Thomas J. Biersteker
(eds) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance.
New York: Cambridge University Press
.
102.
Shell
(2002) ‘Royal Dutch Petroleum Company Annual Report
and Accounts 2001’. http://www.shell.com/html/investor-en/shellreport01/reports2001/frameset.html.
103.
Short, Michael
(2004) ‘Model City Sets Pace for
Globe’, Australian Financial Review, 14 May.
104.
Sikkink, Kathryn
and
Jackie Smith
(2002) ‘Infrastructure for Change: Transnational
Organizations, 1953–93’, in
Sanjeev Khagram
,
James V. Riker
and
Kathryn Sikkink
(eds) Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements,
Networks, and Norms.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
.
105.
Slaughter, Anne-Marie
(1997)
‘The Real New World Order’
, Foreign Affairs76(5):
183–197
.
106.
Spar, Deborah
and
Nicholas Bartlett
(2003) ‘Life, Death, and Property Rights: The
Pharmaceutical Industry Faces AIDS in Africa,’ Harvard Business
School, Case No. 9-702-049.
Boston, MA: Harvard Business School
.
Thomas, Daniel
(2001) The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human
Rights, and the Demise of Communism.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
.
109.
Tomkins, Richard
(2003) ‘Anti-War Sentiment is likely to give
Fresh Impetus to the Waning Supremacy of US Brands’,
Financial Times, 27 March: 19-19.
110.
United Nations
(2001) World Investment Report.
Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
.
111.
United Nations Global Compact (2000) http://www.unglobalcompact.org.
112.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(2004) ‘International Human Rights
Instruments’, 11 February. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/intlinst.htm.
113.
United States Department of State
(2003) ‘AIDS Fact Sheet’. http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/2003/23909.htm.
114.
United States Supreme Court
(2003) Nike, Inc., et al., Petitionersv. Marc Kasky. http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-575.pdf.
115.
Vernon, Raymond
(1971) Sovereignty at Bay.
New York: Basic Books
.
116.
Vernon, Raymond
(1981)
‘Sovereignty at Bay: Ten Years After’
, International Organization35(3):
517–529
.
117.
Vogel, David
(1995) Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a
Global Economy.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
118.
Walter, Andrew
(2001)
‘NGOs, Business, and International Investment: The Multilateral
Agreement on Investment, Seattle, and Beyond’
, Global Governance7:
51–73
.
119.
Wapner, Paul
(1995)
‘Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World
Civic Politics’
, World Politics47(3):
311–341
.
120.
White, David
(2003) ‘Chad Starts Scheme to Track Oil
Cash’, Financial Times, 6 October: 6-6.
121.
Wolin, Sheldon
(1960) Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in
Western Political Thought.
Boston, MA: Little Brown
.
122.
World Bank
(2003a) ‘The Chad–Cameroon Petroleum
Development and Pipeline Project’. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj/project/pro_overview.htm.
123.
World Bank
(2003b) Race to the Top: Attracting and Enabling Global
Sustainable Business.
Washington, DC: World Bank and International
Finance Corporation, Corporate Social Responsibility Practice
.
124.
World Economic Forum
(2003) ‘GHI Case Studies and Supporting
Documents’. http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content.
125.
World Health Organization
(2003) ‘The 3 by 5 Initiative’. http://www.who.int/3by5/about/initiative/en.
