Conventional wisdom maintains that since 1648 the international system has comprised
states-as-like units endowed with Westphalian sovereignty under anarchy. And while
radical globalization theorists certainly dispute the centrality of the
state in modern world politics, nevertheless most assume that the state retains its
sovereignty under globalization. In contrast we argue that hierarchical sub-systems
(and hence unlike units) have been common since 1648, and that the international
system continues to be characterized by hierarchical (as well as anarchic)
relations. The article goes on to reveal the existence of these multiple hierarchic
formations and uncovers the differing social logics connected with
identity-formation processes that govern their reproduction. Successive religious,
racial, socialist and democratic social logics not only constitute their
reproduction, but the emergence of new norms, social ideas and identities have to an
important extent accounted for the rise and decay of successive hierarchies.
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