Attempts by governments to control unwanted border crossings are a defining feature of late modernity; but the suppression of cross-border mobility is not new. In pre-industrial England the `masterless men' and `valiant beggars' were subjected to harsh measures designed to curtail their mobility. In this article, we observe that border control intensifies at times of tumultuous structural change when institutions capable of preserving the emerging economic and social order are largely absent. In a globally mobile society, we argue that `flawed consumers' and `suspect citizens' are the most likely to be earmarked for exclusion. This designation links historical conceptions of `the other' with the tropes of race, class and foreignness to underpin contemporary xeno-racism.
Aas, K. (2007) `Analysing a World in Motion: Global Flows Meet "Criminology of the Other"', Theoretical Criminology11(2): 283-303.
2.
Amoore, L., S. Marmura and M. Salter (eds) (2008) `Smart Borders and Enclosures', Special Issue of Surveillance and Society5(2).
3.
Andreas, P. (2000) Border Games. London: Cornell University Press.
4.
Barker, M. (1981) The New Racism. London: Junction.
5.
Bauman, Z. (1993) Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.
6.
Bauman, Z. (1998) Globalization: The Human Consequences. Cambridge: Polity Press.
7.
Bauman, Z. (2002) Society under Siege. Cambridge : Polity Press.
8.
Bauman, Z. (2004) Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts. Cambridge: Polity Press.
9.
Bauman, Z. (2005) `Freedom from, in and through the State: T.H. Marshall's Trinity of Rights Revisited', Theoria108: 13-27.
10.
Beier, A.L. (1985) Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England 1560-1640. London: Methuen.
11.
Bigo, D. (2000) `Liaison Officers in Europe: New Officers in the European Security Field', in J. Sheptycki (ed.) Issues in Transnational Policing, pp. 67-99. London : Routledge.
12.
Bosworth, M. (2008) `Border Control and the Limits of the Sovereign State', Social and Legal Studies17(2): 199-215.
13.
Bowling, B. and C. Phillips (2002) Racism, Crime and Justice. London: Longman.
14.
Carter, B., C. Harris and S. Joshi (1993) `The 1951-55 Conservative Government and the Racialisation of Black Immigration', in W. James and C. Harris (eds) Inside Babylon pp. 55-72. London: Verso.
15.
Chambliss, W. (1964) `A Sociological Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy' , in W.G. Carson and P. Wiles (eds) Crime and Delinquency in Britain: Sociological Readings, pp. 67-77. London: Martin Robertson.
16.
Chan, W. (2005) `Crime, Deportation and the Regulation of Immigrants in Canada', Crime, Law and Social Change44(2) 153-80.
17.
Cornelius, W.A. (2005) `Controlling "Unwanted" Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993-2004', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies31(4): 775-94.
18.
Douzinas, C. (2002) `Postmodern Just Wars: Kosovo, Afghanistan and the New World Order', in J. Strawson (ed.) Law After Ground Zero. London: Cavendish.
19.
Fekete, L. (2001) `The Emergence of Xeno-Racism', Race and Class43(2): 23-40.
20.
Fekete, L. (2005) `The Deportation Machine: Europe, Asylum and Human Rights', Race and Class47(1): 64-91.
21.
Feldman, D. (2003) `Migrants, Immigrants and Welfare from the Old Poor Law to the Welfare State', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society13: 79-104.
22.
Fryer, P. (1984) Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain . London: Pluto Press.
23.
Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24.
Green, P. (2006) `State Crime beyond Borders: Europe and the Outsourcing of Irregular Migration Control', in S. Pickering and L. Weber (eds) Borders, Mobility and Technologies of Control pp. 149-166. Dordrecht : Springer.
25.
Green, P. and M. Grewcock (2002) `The War Against Illegal Immigration: State Crime and the Construction of a European Identity', Current Issues in Criminal Justice14(1): 87-101.
26.
Hawes, D. and B. Perez (1995) The Gypsy and the State: The Ethnic Cleansing of British Society. Bristol: Saus Publications .
27.
Headley, B. (2005) Deported Volume 1 Entry and Exit Findings Jamaicans Returned Home from the US between 1997 and 2003. Kingston, JA: Stephenson Litho Press.
28.
Holmes, C. (1988) John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971. London: Macmillan.
29.
Hurwitz, A. (1999) `The 1990 Dublin Convention: A Comprehensive Assessment' , International Journal of Refugee Law11(4): 646-77.
30.
Kenrick, D. and G. Puxton (1972) Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. London: Heinemann.
31.
Kleg, M. (1993) Hate Prejudice and Racism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
32.
Krasmann, S. (2007) `The Enemy on the Border: Critique of a Programme in Favour of a Preventive State', Punishment and Society9(3): 301-18.
33.
Malloch, M. and E. Stanley (2005) `The Detention of Asylum Seekers in the UK: Representing Risk, Managing the Dangerous', Punishment and Society7(1): 53-71.
34.
Neocleous, M. (2000) The Fabrication of Social Order: A Critical Theory of Police Power. London: Pluto Press .
35.
Nevins, J. (2001) `Searching for Security: Boundary and Immigration Enforcement in an Age of Intensifying Globalisation', Social Justice28(2): 132-49.
36.
Nicholls, G. (2007) Deported: A History of Forced Departures from Australia . Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
37.
Pickering, S. and L. Weber (eds) (2006) Borders, Mobility and Technologies of Control. Amsterdam: Springer .
38.
Rawlings, P. (2001) Policing: A Short History. Uffculme, Devon: Willan.
39.
Richmond, A.H. (2002) `Social Exclusion: Belonging and Not Belonging in the World System', Refuge21(2): 40-48.
40.
Robinson, W.I. (2006) `"Aqui estamos y no nos vamos!" Global Capital and Immigrant Rights', Race and Class48(2): 77-91.
41.
Rodier, C. (2006) `Illegal Emigration: A Notion That Should Be Banished' , Liberation, 13 June. Available at www.migreurop.org/article922.html
42.
Sassen, S. (1996) Sovereignty in an Age of Globalisation. New York: Columbia University Press.
43.
Schuster, L. (2002) `Asylum and the Lessons of History', Race and Class October-December44(2): 40-56.
44.
Schuster, L. (2005) `The Continuing Mobility of Migrants in Italy: Shifting between Places and Statuses', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies31(4): 757-74.
45.
Shah, P.A. (2000) Refugees, Race and the Legal Concept of Asylum in Britain. London: Cavendish.
46.
Sivanandan, A. (2002) `The Contours of Global Racism', in Crossing Borders: The legacy of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. London : Institute of Race Relations. Available at http://www.irr.org.uk/2002/november/ak000007.html.
47.
Solomos, J. (1993) Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain. London: Macmillan.
48.
Taylor, S. (2005) `Offshore Barriers to Asylum Seeker Movement: The Exercise of Power without Responsibility?', unpublished conference proceedings of the `Moving On: Forced Migration and Human Rights Conference', University of Sydney Centre for International and Global Law, 22 November.
49.
Wacquant, L. (2001) `Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh', Punishment and Society3(1): 95-134.
50.
Warner, J.A. (2005) `The Social Construction of the Criminal Alien in Immigration Law, Enforcement Practice and Statistical Enumeration: Consequences for Immigrant Stereotyping', Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries1(2): 56-80.
51.
Webber, F. (1996) Crimes of Arrival: Immigrants and Asylum-Seekers in the New Europe. London: Statewatch .
52.
Webber, F. (2004) `The War on Migration', in P. Hillyard, C. Pantazis, S. Tombs and D. Gordon (eds) Beyond Criminology: Taking Harm Seriously pp. 133-155. London: Pluto Press.
53.
Weber, L. (2002) `Detention of Asylum Seekers on Arrival in the UK. Part 3: Post-Decision Practices and Key Questions', Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law16(1): 6-11.
54.
Weber, L. (2005) `The Detention of Asylum Seekers as a Crime of Obedience', Critical Criminology13(1): 89-109.
55.
Weber, L. (2006) `The Shifting Frontiers of Migration Control', in S. Pickering and L. Weber (eds) Borders, Mobility and Technologies of Control pp. 21-44. Amsterdam: Springer.
56.
Weber, L. (2007) `Policing the Virtual Border: Punitive Preemption in Australian Offshore Migration Controls', Social Justice34(2): 77-93.
57.
Weber, L. and B. Bowling (2004) `Policing Migration: A Framework for Investigating the Regulation of Global Mobility', Policing & Society14(3): 195-212.
58.
Welch, M. and L. Schuster (2005) `Detention of Asylum Seekers in the US, UK, France, Germany and Italy: A Critical View of the Globalizing Culture of Control', Criminal Justice5(4): 331-55.
59.
Wilson, D. and L. Weber (2008) `Surveillance, Risk and Preemption on the Australian Border', Surveillance and Society5(2): 124-141 available at http://www.surveillance-and-Society.org/articles5(2)/australia.pdf .
60.
Wonders, N. (2006) `Global Flows, Semi-Permeable Borders and New Channels of Inequality', in S. Pickering and L. Weber (eds) Borders, Mobility and Technologies of Control pp. 63-86. Amsterdam: Springer.
61.
Zureik, E. and M. Salter (eds) (2005) Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity. Uffculme, Devon: Willan Publishing.
