Language Attrition and Reactivation in a Simultaneous Japanese–English Bilingual Teenager: A 6-Year Longitudinal Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Case Study

Aalberse S. Andringa S. Faber M. Lippe P. (2020). Definiteness in Wenzhounese Chinese in the Netherlands and in China evidence for generational change in two locations. In Brehmer B. Treffers-Daller J. (Eds.), Lost in transmission: The role of attrition and input in heritage language development (pp. 16–31). John Benjamins.

Abutalebi J. Green D. W. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Process, 23, 557–582.

Abutalebi J. Green D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: Neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 689–698.

Andrews E. (2019). Cognitive neuroscience and multilingualism. In Schwieter J. M. (Ed.), The handbook of the neuroscience of multilingualism (pp. 19–47). Wiley Blackwell.

Baker C. Wright W. E. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.

Beatty-Martinez A. L. Dussias P. E. (2019). Bilingualism, executive function, and beyond: Questions and insights. John Benjamins.

Bergmann C. Meulman N. Stowe L. A. Sprenger S. A. Schmid M. S. (2015). Prolonged L2 immersion engenders little change in morphosyntactic processing of bilingual natives. NeuroReport, 26, 1065–1070.

Bialystok E. Kroll J. (2018). Can the critical period be saved? A bilingual perspective. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 908–910.

Bice K. Kroll J. F. (2021). Grammatical processing in two languages: How individual differences in language experience and cognitive abilities shape comprehension in heritage bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 58, 100963.

Bolonyai A. (2002). Case systems in contact: Syntactic and lexical case in bilingual child language. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 21, 21–36.

Borragan B. Bruin A. Hava V. Diego-Balaguer R. Vulchanova M. D. Vulchanov V. Dunabeitia J. A. (2021). Differences in word learning in children: Bilingualism or linguistic experience? Applied Psycholinguistics, 42, 345–366.

Brehmer B. Treffers-Daller J. (2020). Lost in transmission: The role of attrition and input in heritage language development. John Benjamins.

Burgaleta M. Sanjua A. Ventura-Campos N. Sebastian-Galles N. Avial C. (2016). Bilingualism at the core of the brain. Structural differences between bilinguals and monolinguals revealed by subcortical shape analysis. NeuroImage, 125, 437–445.

Bylund E. (2019). Age effects in language attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 277–287). Oxford University Press.

Complete Lexical Tutor v.8.3. (n.d.). https://www.lextutor.ca/vp/comp/

de Bot K. Lowie W. Verspoor M. H . (2007). A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10, 7–21.

Dornyei Z. (2014). Researching complex dynamic systems: “Qualitative retrodictive modeling” in the language classroom. Language Teaching, 47, 80–91.

Flores C. (2020). Attrition and reactivation of a childhood language: The case of returnee heritage speakers. Language Learning, 70(Suppl. 1), 85–121.

Garcia-Penton L. Garcia Y. F. Costella B. Dunabeitia J. A. Carreiras M. (2016). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: How to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31, 3030–3327.

Green D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81.

Green D. W. (2013). Individual variability and neuroplastic changes. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35, 910–912.

Green D. W. Abutalebi J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 515–530.

Green D. W. Kroll J. (2019). The neurolinguistics of bilingualism: Plasticity and control. In de Zubicary G. I. Schiller N. O. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of neurolinguistics (pp. 261–294). Oxford University Press.

Hammill D. D. Larsen S. C. (1996). Test of written language (3rd ed.). pro-ed.

Hansen L. (1999). Second language attrition in Japanese contexts. Oxford University Press.

Hansen L. (2011). The acquisition, attrition, and relearning of mission vocabulary. In Schmid M. S. Lowi W. (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism: From structure to chaos. In honor of Kees de Bot (pp. 115–134). John Benjamins.

Howell R. A. Saling M. M. Bradley D. C. Berkovic S. F. (1994). Inerictal language fluency in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex, 30, 469–478.

Jarvis S. (2019). Lexical attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 241–250). Oxford University Press.

Karayayla T. Schmid M. S. (2019). First language attrition as a function of age at onset of bilingualism: First language attainment of Turkish-English bilinguals in the United States. Language Learning, 69, 106–142.

Kasparian K. Steinhauer K. (2017). When the second language takes the lead: Neurocognitive processing changes in the first language of adult atrriters. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–22.

Knowland V. Donlan C. (2014). Language development. In Mareschal D. Butterworth B. Tolmie A. (Eds.), Educational neuroscience (pp. 134–171). Wiley Blackwell.

Kopke B. Keijzer M. (2019). Introduction to psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic approaches to language attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 61–72). Oxford University Press.

Kupisch T. (2019). 2L1 simultaneous bilinguals as heritage speakers. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 458–469). Oxford University Press.

Larsen-Freeman D. (2017). Complexity theory: The lessons continue. In Ortega L. Han Z. H. (Eds.), Complexity theory and language development: In celebration of Diane Larsen-Freeman (pp. 11–50). John Benjamins.

Larson-Hall J. (2019). Lexical attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 377–390). Oxford University Press.

Leivada E. Westergaard M. Dunabeitia J. A. Rothman J. (2021). On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on neurocognition: (How) should we proceed? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24, 197–210.

Li B. (2018). Empirical research on English language attrition of students studying non-English majors in a Chinese University. Journal of the World Federation of Associations for Teacher Education, 3a, 40–55.

Lieven E. (2016). Usage-based approaches to language development: Where do we go from here? Language and Cognition, 8, 346–368.

Linck J. A. Kroll J. F. (2019). Memory retrieval and language attrition: Language loss or manifestations of a dynamic system? In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 87–97). Oxford University Press.

Marian V. Hayakawa S. (2021). Measuring bilingualism: The quest for a “bilingualism quotient”. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42, 527–548.

Mehotcheva T. H. Kopke B. (2019). Introduction to L2 attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 330–348). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mehotcheva T. H. Mytara K. (2019). Exploring the impact of extralinguistic factors on L2/FL attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 349–363). Oxford University Press.

Mertzen D. Lago S. Vasishth S. (2021). The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24, 344–357.

Minagawa Y. Cristia A. (2019). Shedding light on language function and its development with optical brain imaging. In de Zubicary G. I. Schiller N. O. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of neurolinguistics (pp. 154–185). Oxford University Press.

Mishra R. K. (2018). Bilingualism and cognitive control. Springer.

Mitchell R. Myles F. Marsden E. (2019). Second language learning theories. Routledge.

Montrul S. (2020). Attrition, addition, and age. Second Language Research, 36, 213–217.

Myers-Scotton C. Jake J. (2017). Revisiting the 4-M model: Codeswitching and morpheme election at the abstract level. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 40–366.

Neisser U. (1984). Interpreting Harry Bahrick’s discovery: What confers immunity against forgetting? Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 113, 32–35.

Nicoladis E. Montanari S. (2016). Bilingualism across the lifespan: Factors moderating language proficiency. De Gruyter Mouton.

Oh J. S. Au T. K. Jun S. A. Lee R. M. (2019). Childhood language memory in adult heritage (re)learners. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 481–492). Oxford University Press.

Opitz C. (2011). First language attrition and second language acquisition in a second language environment [Unpublished PhD thesis].

Opitz C. (2019). A complete dynamic systems perspective on personal background variables in L1 attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 49–60). Oxford University Press.

Ortega L. (2009). Understanding second language acquisition. Routledge.

Osterhout L. Pitkanen I. McLaughlin J. Zeitlin M. (2019). Event-related potentials as metrics of foreign language learning and loss. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 403–416). Oxford University Press.

Paap R. K. Johnson H. A. Sawi O. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265–278.

Pallier C. Dehaene S. Poline J. B. LeBihan D. Argenti A. M. Dupoux E. Mehler J. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13, 155–161.

Paradis M. (2007). L1 attrition features predicted by a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. In Kopke B. Schmid M. S. Keijzer M. Dostert S. (Eds.), Language attrition: Amsterdam: A theoretical perspective (pp. 121–133). John Benjamins.

Paz-Alonso P. M. Oliver M. Quinones I. Carreiras M. (2019). Neural basis of monolingual and bilingual reading. In Greig I. Niels O. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of neurolinguistics (pp. 603–625). Oxford University Press.

Pierce L. Klein D. Chen J. K. Delcenserie A. Genesee F. (2014). Mapping the unconscious maintenance of a lost first language. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 17314–17319.

Pierce L. Genesee J. F Klein D. (2019). Language loss and language learning in internationally adopted children. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 470–480). Oxford University Press.

Pliatsikas C. (2020). Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The dynamic restructuring model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 459–471.

Rakhlin N. Hein S. Doyle N. Hart L. Macomber D. Ruchkin V. Tan M. Grigorenko L. (2015). Language development of internationally adopted children: Adverse early experiences outweigh the age of acquisition effect. Journal of Communication Disorders, 57, 66–80.

Rossi E. Prystauka Y. Diaz M. (2019). Neuroimaging perspectives on L1 attrition and language change. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 166–177). Oxford University Press.

Schmid M. S. (2010). Languages at play: The relevance of L1 attrition to the study of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 1–7.

Schmid M. S. (2011a). Contact x time: External factors and variability in L1 attrition. In Schmid M. S. Lowie W. (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism: From structure to chaos. In honor of Kees de Bot (pp. 155–176). John Benjamins.

Schmid M. S. (2011b). Language attrition. Cambridge University Press.

Schmid M. S. de Leeuw E. (2019). Introduction to linguistic factors in language attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 180–190). Oxford University Press.

Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (2017). The relevance of first language attrition to theories of bilingual development. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7, 637–667.

Schmid M. S. Kopke B. Keijzer M. Weilemar L. (2004). First language attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues. John Benjamins.

Schmitt E. (2010). When boundaries are crossed: Evaluating language attrition data from two perspectives. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 63–72.

Schmitt E. (2019). Morphological attrition. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 228–240). Oxford University Press.

Schwieter J. W. (2019). The Handbook of the neuroscience of multilingualism. Wiley Blackwell.

Sorace A. (2011). Pinning down the concept of ‘interface’ in bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(1), 1–33.

Sorokina A. (2019). When do memories go away? L1 attrition effect on bilingual autobiographical memory [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University].

Steinhauer K. Kasparian K. (2020). Brain plasticity in adulthood—ERP evidence for L1-attrition in Lexicon and morphosyntax after predominant l2 use. Language Learning, 70(Suppl. 2), 171–193.

Taura H. (2008). Bilinguality and bilingualism in Japanese school-aged children. Akashi Shoten.

Taura H. (2019). Attrition studies on Japanese returnees. In Schmid M. S. Kopke B. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language attrition (pp. 391–402). Oxford University Press.

Tomasello M. (2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Harvard University Press.

Tomiyama M. (2009). Age and proficiency in L1 attrition: Data from two siblings. Applied Linguistics, 30, 253–275.

Van Osch B. Hulk A. Sleeman P. Van Suchtelen P. I . (2014). Gender agreement in interface contexts in the oral production of heritage speakers of Spanish in the Netherlands. Linguistics in the Netherlands, 31, 93–106.

Wulff S. Ellis N. C. (2018). Usage-based approaches to SLA. In Mille D. Bayram F. Rothman J. Serratrice L. (Eds.), Bilingual cognition and language: The state of the science across its subfields (pp. 37–56). John Benjamins.

Yoshitomi A. (1999). On the loss of English as an L2 by Japanese returnee children. In Hansen L. (Ed.), Second language attrition in Japanese contexts (pp. 21–58). Oxford University Press.