Hybrid ventilation is an effective approach to reduce cooling energy consumption by combining natural and mechanical ventilation. Previous studies of full-scale whole-building measurements of high-rise hybrid ventilation are quite limited due to the complexities of buildings and variable ambient conditions. As a result, validated and accurate whole-building simulations of hybrid ventilation often cannot be found in the literature. This paper reports a series of full-scale measurements of hybrid ventilation in a 17-storey high-rise building and associated whole-building simulations by 15-zone detailed and a 5-zone simplified multizone models. The paper is one of the first studies of using multizone models and real-world full-scale data and sharing key operational and performance experience and case studies of high-rise hybrid ventilation. Both the test data and the validated simulation models can be used for the comparison and validation of simulation models. The 5-zone simplified model developed from this study was able to model such a complex high-rise building by only a few zones, making possible the on-line model predictive control of a high-rise building. This was illustrated in this paper by an example of optimizing the uniformity of the hybrid ventilation on different floors by modifying inlet areas.
DOE. 2011 buildings energy data book.
Washington:
Department of Energy, 2012.
2.
OEE. Residential secondary energy use by energy source and end use. National Energy Use Database.
Ottawa, Canada:
Office of Energy Efficiency – National Resources Canada, 2018.
3.
MenassaCCTaylorNNelsonJ.Optimizing hybrid ventilation in public spaces of complex buildings – a case study of the Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery. Build Environ2013;
61: 57–68.
4.
MalkawiAYanBChenYTongZ.Predicting thermal and energy performance of mixed-mode ventilation using an integrated simulation approach. Build Simul2016;
9: 335–346.
5.
ArtmannNManzHHeiselbergP.Climatic potential for passive cooling of buildings by night-time ventilation in Europe. Appl Energy2007;
84: 187–201.
6.
DhalluinALimamK.Comparison of natural and hybrid ventilation strategies used in classrooms in terms of indoor environmental quality, comfort and energy savings. Indoor Built Environ2014;
23: 527–542.
7.
ZhouYDengYWuPCaoSJ.The effects of ventilation and floor heating systems on the dispersion and deposition of fine particles in an enclosed environment. Build Environ2017;
125: 192–205.
8.
CaoS-JDengH-YZhouXDengY. Ventilation inlets design based on ventilation performance assessment using a dimensionless time scale. Indoor Built Environ.2019; 28: 1049–1063.
9.
WangYCaoYMengX.Energy efficiency of industrial buildings. Indoor Built Environ2019;
28: 293–297.
10.
DengYFengZFangJCaoSJ.Impact of ventilation rates on indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency of ground-source heat pump system. Sustain Cities Soc2018;
37: 154–163.
11.
Rabanillo-HerreroMPadilla-MarcosMÁFeijó-MuñozJMeissA.Effects of the radiant heating system location on both the airflow and ventilation efficiency in a room. Indoor Built Environ2019;
28: 372–383.
12.
AntvorskovS.Introduction to integration of renewable energy in demand controlled hybrid ventilation systems for residential buildings. Build Environ2008;
43: 1350–1353.
13.
TurnerWJNWalkerIS.Using a ventilation controller to optimise residential passive ventilation for energy and indoor air quality. Build Environ2013;
70: 20–30.
14.
HeiselbergPDelsanteAVikTA. Hybrid ventilation: State of the art review. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international one-day forum on hybrid ventilation, Delft, The Netherlas, 14 May 2001, pp.10--20.
AframAJanabi-SharifiF and
Theory Applications of HVAC control systems – a review of model predictive control (MPC). Build Environ2014;
72: 343–355.
22.
HuJKaravaP.Model predictive control strategies for buildings with mixed-mode cooling. Build Environ2014;
71: 233–244.
23.
KaravaPAthienitisAKStathopoulosTMourikiE.Experimental study of the thermal performance of a large institutional building with mixed-mode cooling and hybrid ventilation. Build Environ2012;
57: 313–326.
24.
YuanSAthienitisAChenYRaoJ. Development of a thermal model for thermal mass coupled with hybrid ventilation in an institutional building. In: eSim 2016 conference, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 3--4 May 2016, p.10.
25.
WaltonGNDolsWS.CONTAM user guide and program documentation.
Gaithersburg, MD:
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2013.
26.
QiDWangLLZmeureanuR. Verification of a multizone airflow and energy network model by analytical solutions to Stack driven flows in buildings. In: eSim 2014 conference, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 8--9 May 2014, p.8.
27.
QiDWangLZmeureanuR.Modeling smoke movement in shafts during high-rise fires by a multizone airflow and energy network program. ASHRAE Trans 2015; 121(2): 242–251.
28.
TzempelikosAAthienitisAKKaravaP.Simulation of facade and envelope design options for a new institutional building. Sol Energy2007;
81: 1088–1103.
29.
YuanS.A study of hybrid ventilation in an institutional building for predictive control. Master Degree Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, 2016.
30.
NgLMusserAPersilyAEmmerichS.Airflow and indoor air quality models of DOE reference commercial buildings.
Gaithersburg, MD:
Natl, 2012.
31.
NgLCMusserAPersilyAKEmmerichSJ.Multizone airflow models for calculating infiltration rates in commercial reference buildings. Energy Build2013;
58: 11–18.
32.
DolsWSPolidoroBJ.CONTAM user guide and program documentation.
Gaithersburg, MD:
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2015.
33.
QiDWangLZmeureanuR.The effects of non-uniform temperature distribution on neutral plane level in non-adiabatic high-rise shafts during fires. Fire Technol2017;
53: 153–172.
34.
YouRChenJShiZLiuWLinCHWeiDChenQ.Experimental and numerical study of airflow distribution in an aircraft cabin mock-up with a gasper on. J Build Perform Simul2016;
9: 555–566.
35.
LianZQiD.Modification for evaluation indexes of air distribution. J Chongqing Univ2009;
8: 937–942.
