The concern about indoor air quality in various micro-environments has been on the rise as buildings are vulnerable to an array of contaminants generated from various sources. The study aims to investigate and highlight the pollutant sources and composition in middle-income residential spaces through a case study approach. With large migration from small towns and saturation of megacities, the middle-income population in tier-2 cities in India is on the rise, raising concern about the well-being of the dense urban population. It involves a careful selection of typical MIG housing to identify major pollution sources from outdoor and indoor environments. The focus lies in the findings stemming from continuous air quality monitoring of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, HCHO, TVOC, CO and C6H6 and an in-depth physio-chemical analysis facilitated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (A-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy of settled household dust. Analysis unveiled indoor PM2.5 concentrations of 21.93 µg/m3, exceeding WHO standards, whereas, TVOC concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors. Stark disparities between indoor and outdoor dust compositions and sources were also observed. Despite limitations, it provides a portrait of middle-income housing conditions, offering insights for interventions and future research on indoor air quality challenges.
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