Based on a definition of comprehensive prevention, the author submits prevention actions in alcohol and tobacco related problems to the question: “Education or control, must we choose?” After reviewing the history, the author describes the current panorama of health education actions and control before discussing some methodological and ethical questions concerning the methods and the actors of prevention. He tries to define “prevention ideal” – which must be distinguished from “ideal prevention” and its totalitarian abuse – to introduce the second part of his text which deals with the question of evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol- and tobacco-related problems prevention.
The author confirms the efficacy of control measures, but also shows that education has a certain degree of efficacy, despite the dominant trends in Anglo-Saxons countries. He also shows that education is necessary in the context of many European countries. After discussing the issue of cost-effectiveness ratio, the author emphasise the need for global prevention taking into account cultural and political elements to ensure efficient as well as effective prevention and social acceptance of this prevention.
AgostinelliG., & GrubeJ.W. (2002): Alcohol counter-advertising and the media: A review of recent research.Alcohol Research and Health26: 15–21
2.
AndersonP., & HolderH. (in print): Prevention of substances disorders. In: HosmanC.M.H., & Jané-LlopisE., & SaxenaE.: Prevention of mental disorders: an overview on evidence-based strategies and programmes.Oxford, Oxford University Press.
3.
AndersonP., & BaumbergB. (2005): Alcohol in Europe.London: Institute of Alcohol studies, chapter 7, pp. 239–341
BiglanA., & AryD.V., & SmolkowskiK., & DuncanT., & BlackC. (2000): A randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use.Tobacco Control9: 24–32
6.
ChaloupkaF. J., & GrossmanM. (1996): Price Tobacco Control Policies and Youth Smoking National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5740
7.
ChaloupkaF.J., & HuT., & WarnerK.E., & JacobsR., & YurekliA. (2000): The taxation of tobacco products. In: JhaP., & ChaloupkaF. (eds.): Tobacco control in developing countries. pp. 237–272. Oxford: Oxford University Press
8.
ChaloupkaF.J., & SafferH., & GrossmanM. (1993): Alcohol-control policies and motor-vehicle fatalities.Journal of Legal Studies22: 161–186
9.
ChikritzhsT., & StockwellT.R. (2002): The impact of later trading hours for Australian public houses (hotels) on levels of violence.Journal of Studies on Alcohol63: 591–599
10.
ChisholmD., & RehmJ., & van OmmerenM., & MonteiroM. (2004): Reducing the Global Burden of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Journal of Studies on Alcohol65: 782–793
11.
CookP.J., & TauchenG. (1982): The effect of liquor taxes on heavy drinking.Bell Journal of Economics13: 379–390
12.
CrapletM. (1995): Ethique de la prévention du risque alcool.Alcoologie et Addictologie17 (1): 14–22
13.
CrapletM. (2000): Passion alcool, Paris, Odile Jacob
CrapletM. (2006a): La prévention mise à la question: éducation ou contrôle. I- Aperçu sur l'histoire et l'actualité de la prévention en addictologie.Alcoologie et Addictologie28 (4): 337–346
16.
CrapletM. (2007): La prévention mise à la question: éducation ou contrôle. II – La prevention des mésusages de l'alcool et du tabac au risque de la science.Alcoologie et Addictologie29 (1): 67–79
17.
CrapletM. (2006b): Open letter to my friends and colleagues.Addiction101: 450–453
18.
EdwardsG. (1994): Alcohol Policy and the Public Good.Oxford: Oxford University Press
19.
EllicksonP.L., & CollinsR.L., & HambarsoomiansK., & McCaffreyD.F. (2005): Does alcohol advertising promote adolescent drinking?Results from a longitudinal assessment. Addiction100 (2): 235–46
FoxcroftD.R., & IrelandD., & Lister-SharpD.J., & LoweG., & BreenR. (2003): Longer-term primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people: a systematic review.Addiction98: 397–411
22.
GreenfieldT.K. (1997): Warning labels: Evidence of harm-reduction from long-term American surveys. In: PlantM., & SingleE., & StockwellT. (eds.): Alcohol: Minimizing the Harm, pp. 105–125. London: Free Association Books
23.
GreenfieldT.K., & GiesbrechtN., & JohnsonS.P., & KaskutasL.A., & AnglinL.T., & KavanaghL., & RoomR., & MacKenzieB. (1999): US Federal Alcohol Control Policy Development: A Manual.Berkeley, California: Alcohol Research Group
24.
GreenfieldT.K., & KaskutasL.A. (1998): Five years' exposure to alcohol warning label messages and their impacts: Evidence from diffusion analysis.Applied Behavioral Science Review6: 39–68
25.
GrubeJ.W., & NygaardP. (2001): Adolescent drinking and alcohol policy.Contemporary Drug Problems28: 87–132
26.
HardingW.M., & CaudillB.D., & MooreB.A. (2001a): Do companions of designated drivers drink excessively?Journal of Substance Abuse13 (4): 505–14
27.
HardingW.M., & CaudillB.D., & MooreB.A., & FrissellK.C. (2001b): Do drivers drink more when they use a safe ride?Journal of Substance Abuse13 (3): 283–90
28.
HawksD., & ScottK., & McBrideN., & JonesP., & StockwellT. (2002): Prevention of psychoactive substance use – A selected review of what works in the area of prevention.National Drug Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia and World Health Organisation, Geneva [Online: www.ndri.curtin.edu.au/pdfs/who_review.pdf]
29.
HenstridgeJ., & HomelR., & MackayP. (1997): The Long-Term Effects of Random Breath Testing in Four Australian States: A Time Series Analysis.Canberra, Australia: Federal Office of Road Safety
30.
HingsonR., & McGovernT., & HowlandJ., & HeerenT., & WinterM., & ZakoesR. (1996): Reducing alcohol-impaired driving in Massachusetts: The Saving Lives Program.American Journal of Public Health86 (6): 791–797
31.
HingsonR., & ZakocsR.C., & HeerenT., & WinterM.R., & RosenbloomD., & De JongW. (2005): Effects on alcohol related fatal crashes of a community based initiative to increase substance abuse treatment and reduce alcohol availability.Injury Prevention11 (2): 84–90
32.
HolderH.D., & SaltzR.F., & GrubeJ.W., & VoasR.B., & GruenewaldP.J., & TrenoA.J. (1997): A community prevention trial to reduce alcohol-involved accidental injury and death: overview.Addiction92(supplement 2): S155–S171
33.
HomelR., & HauritzM., & WortleyR., & McIlwainG., & CarvolthR. (1997): Preventing alcohol-related crime through community action: The Surfers Paradise Safety Action Project.Crime Prevention Studies7: 35–90
34.
JeanneretM. (1987): Des mots et des mets. Banquets et propos de table à la Renaissance.Paris: Corti, p. 62
35.
JohnsonC.A., & PentzM.A., & WeberM.D., & DwyerJ.H., & BaerN., & MacKinnonD.P., & HansenW.B., & FlayB.R. (1990): Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high risk and low risk adolescents.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 447–456
36.
JonahB., & MannR., & MacdonaldS., & StodutoG., & BondyS., & ShaikhA. (2000): The effects of lowering legal blood alcohol limits: A review. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Stockholm, Sweden. [Online: www.icadts.com]
37.
KaskutasL.A., & GreenfieldT.K. (1997): Behavior change: the role of health consciousness in predicting attention to health warning messages.American Journal of Health Promotion11: 183–193
38.
KaskutasL.A., & GreenfieldT.K. (1992): First effects of warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers.Drug and Alcohol Dependence31: 1–14
39.
LovatoC., & LinnG., & SteadL.F., & BestA. (2003): Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. Art. No. CD003439. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003439
40.
MacKinnonD.P., & JohnsonC.A., & PentzM.A., & DwyerJ.H., & HansenW.B., & FlayB.R., & WangE.Y.-I. (1991): Mediating mechanisms in a school-based drug prevention program. First-year effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project.Health Psychology10: 164–172
41.
MarlattG.A., & WitkiewitzK. (2002): Harm reduction approaches to alcohol use: health promotion, prevention and treatment.Addictive behaviour27: 867–886
42.
MartinS., & SnyderL.B., & HamiltonM., & Fleming-MiliciF., & SlaterM., & StacyA., & ChenM-J., & GrubeJ. (2002): The effect of alcohol advertising on youth 15–26 years old.Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research26 (6): 900–906
43.
McBrideN. (2003): A systematic review of school drug education.Health Education Research18: 729–742
44.
McBrideN. (2002): Systematic literature review of the school drug education. Monograph No 5.Perth, Western Australia: National Drug Research Institute
45.
McBrideN. (2005): The evidence base for school drug education interventions. In: StockwellT., & GruenewaldP., & ToumbourouJ., & LoxleyW. (eds.): Preventing harmful substance use: The evidence base for policy and practice.Chichester: Wiley.
46.
McBrideN., & FarringdonF., & MidfordR., & MeulnersL., & PhillipsM. (2004): Harm minimization in school drug education: final results of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP).Addiction99278–291
47.
MorelA., & BoulangerM., & HervéF., & TonneletG. (2000): Prévenir les toxicomanies.Paris: Dunod, p. 16
48.
NorströmT., & SkogO-J. (2005): Saturday opening of alcohol retail shops in Sweden: an experiment in two phases.Addiction100: 767–776
49.
OlssonO., & WikströmP.H. (1982): Effects of the experimental Saturday closing of liquor retail stores in Sweden.Contemporary Drug Problems11: 325–353
50.
PentzM.A., & DwyerJ.H., & MacKinnonD.P., & FlayB.R., & HansenW.B., & WangE.Y.I., & JohnsonC.A. (1989): A multi-community trial for primary prevention of drug abuse. Effects on drug use prevalence.Journal of the American Medical Association261: 3259–3266
51.
PerryC.L., & WilliamsC.L., & KomroK.A., & Veblen-MortensonS., & ForsterJ.L., & Bernsten-LachterR., & PrattL.K., & MunsonK.A., & FarbakhshK. (1998): Project Northland- phase II: Community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Paper presented at the Kettil Bruun Society Thematic Meeting, February, Russell, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
52.
PerryC.L., & WilliamsC.L., & Veblen-MortensonS., & ToomeyT.L., & KomroK.A., & AnstineP.S., & McGovernP.G., & FinneganJ.R., & ForsterJ.L., & WagenaarA.C., & WolfsonM. (1996): Project Northland: Outcomes of a community-wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence.American Journal of Public Health86: 956–965
53.
RagnarsdottirT., & KjartansdottirA., & DavidsdottirS. (2002): Effect of extended alcohol serving hours in Reykjavik, Iceland. In: RoomR. (ed.): The Effects of Nordic Alcohol Policies, pp. 145–154. NAD Publication 42. Helsinki: Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research
54.
ReidD. (1996): Tobacco control: overview.British Medical Bulletin52 (1): 108–120
55.
RigaudA. (1989a): Malaise dans la prévention de l'alcoolisme.Aujourd'hui l'Alcoologie, no 35, octobre, pp. 5–16
56.
RigaudA. (1989b): Malaise dans la prévention de l'alcoolisme.Aujourd'hui l'Alcoologie, no 36, décembre, pp. 14–17
57.
RigaudA., & CrapletM. (2004): The loi Evin: a French exception.The Globe (1–2): 33–36
58.
RoomR., & BaborT., & RehmJ. (2005): Alcohol and public health, Lancet365: 519–530
59.
SafferH. (2000): Tobacco advertising and promotion. In: JhaP., & ChaloupkaF. (eds.): Tobacco control in developing countries. pp. 215–236. Oxford: Oxford University Press
60.
SargentR.P., & ShepardR.M., & GlantzS. (2004): Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking bans: before and after study.British Medical Journal328: 977–980
61.
ShopeJ.T., & CopelandL.A., & MahargR., & DielmanT.E. (1996): Effectiveness of a high school alcohol misuse prevention program.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research20: 791–798
62.
ShopeJ.T., & DielmanT.E., & ButchartA.T., & CampanelliP.C., & KloskaD.D. (1992): An elementary school-based alcohol misuse program: a follow-up evaluation.Journal of Studies on Alcohol53: 106–121
63.
SowdenA., & ArblasterL., & SteadL. (2003): Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews no 1. Art. No. CD001291. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001291
64.
StacyA.W., & ZoggJ.B., & UngerJ.B., & DentC.W. (2004): Exposure to televised alcohol ads and subsequent adolescent alcohol use.American Journal of Health Behavior28 (6): 498–509
65.
The COMMIT Research Group (1995): Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT): II Changes in adult cigarette smoking prevalence.American Journal of Public Health85: 193–200
66.
ThomasR. (2002): School-based programmes for preventing smoking.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2
67.
Van den BluckJ., & BeullensK. (2005): Television and music video exposure and adolescent alcohol use while going out.Alcohol and Alcoholism40 (3): 249–253
68.
VartiainenE., & KorhonenH.J., & KoskelaK., & PuskaP. (1998): Twenty year smoking trends in a community-based cardiovascular diseases prevention programme - results from the North Karelia project.European Journal of Public Health8:154–159
69.
WassermanJ., & ManningW. G., & NewhouseJ. P., & WinklerJ. D. (1991): The effects of excise taxes and regulations on cigarette smoking.Journal of Health Economics10 (1): 43–64
70.
WilliamsC.L., & PerryC.L., & DudovitzB., & Veblen-MortensonS., & AnstineP.S., & KomroK.A., & ToomeyT.L. (1995): A home-based prevention program for sixth-grade alcohol use: Results from Project Northland.Journal of Primary Prevention16, 125–147.
