The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on individual perceived health of the factors organizational culture, working conditions, physical and mental health, and presenteeism, as moderated by lifestyle factors. A detailed comparison was made between the uniformed police division and the criminal investigation department to explore their perceptions of the supportiveness of their subcultures, working conditions and perceived health. Survey responses, obtained through an online questionnaire, from 258 officers from German police forces showed significant differences in perception. Uniformed officers evaluated their working conditions more positively compared with officers from the criminal investigation department, resulting in a more positively rated perceived health for the uniformed police division. Results showed that the more a police organizational culture fostered their subcultures and health-enhancing working conditions, the higher the perceived physical and mental health. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
AdlamR (2002) Governmental rationalities in police leadership: an essay exploring some of the ‘deep structure’ in police leadership praxis. Policing and Society12: 15–36.
AlbertsenKNielsenMLBorgV (2001) The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence. Work & Stress15: 241–253.
4.
ArchibaldGBroodR (2012) Ageing workforces and competitiveness – a European perspective. In: BeardJRBiggsSBloomDEFriedLPHoganPKalacheAOlshanskySJ (eds) Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2011, 51–54.
5.
BakkerABDemeroutiEEuwemaMC (2005) Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology10: 170–180.
6.
BakkerABDemeroutiETarisTSchaufeliWBSchreursP (2003) A multi-group analysis of the job demands – resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management10: 16–38.
7.
BakkerABSchaufeliWBDemeroutiE (1999) Werkstressoren, energiebronnen en burnout: het WEB Model. In WinnhubstJSchuurFDamJ (ed.), Praktijkboek gezond werken(II 3.2). Maarssen: Elsevier, 1–19.
8.
BanduraA (1997) Self-Efficacy. The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
9.
BellmannLHilpertMKistlerEWahseJ (2003) Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels für den Arbeitsmarkt und die Betriebe. MittAB36 Jg., Heft 2: 1–17.
10.
BrehmJGatesS (1993) Donut shops and speed traps: evaluating models of supervision on police behavior. American Journal of Political Science37: 555–581.
11.
CameronKSQuinnRE (1999) Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
12.
CameronKSQuinnRE (2006) Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Model (2nd edn). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
13.
ChanJ (1996) Changing police culture. British Journal of Criminology36: 109–134.
14.
ChanJDeveryCDoranS (2003) Fair Cop: Learning the Art of Policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
15.
CottonSDollardMFDe JongeJ (2007) A Review of the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) Model: A Move Towards Wellness. University of South Australia, Adelaide: Work & Stress Research Group.
16.
CourtenayWH (2000) Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine50: 1385–1401.
17.
DenisonDRMishraAK (1995) Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science6: 204–223.
18.
DewKKeefeVSmallK (2005) ‘Choosing’ to work when sick: workplace presenteeism. Social Science & Medicine60: 2273–2282.
19.
Dextras-GauthierJMarchandAHainesVIII (2012) Organizational culture, work organization conditions, and mental health: a proposed integration. International Journal of Stress Management19: 81–104.
20.
DoyalL (2001) Sex, gender, and health: the need for a new approach. British Medical Journal323: 1061–1063.
21.
EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol – a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy16: 199–208.
22.
FrenchJRPRogersWCobbS (1981) A model of person–environment fit. In LeviL (ed.) Society, Stress and Disease, Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press, 39–44.
23.
GeorgeJMJonesGR (2005) Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (4th edn). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
24.
GoldbergLRStryckerLA (2002) Personality traits and eating habits: the assessment of food preferences in a large community sample. Personality and Individual Differences32: 49–65.
25.
GoodwinRDFriedmanHS (2006) Health status and the five-factor personality traits in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Health Psychology11: 643–654.
26.
HartnellCAYi OuAKinickiA (2011) Organizational culture and organizational effectiveness: a meta-analytic investigation of the competing values framework’s theoretical suppositions. Journal of Applied Psychology96: 677–694.
HayesAF (2013) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.
29.
HoutmanIOttenFVenemaA (2001) Kerncijfers arbeid, gezondheid en sociale zekerheid. In SmuldersPGWHoutmanILDKlein HesselinkJ (ed.) Trends in arbeid 2002. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer, 69–101.
30.
IlmarinenJ (2006) The ageing workforce – challenges for occupational health. Occupational Medicine56: 361–364.
31.
IlmarinenJTempelJ (2002) Arbeitsfähigkeit 2010 – Was können wir tun, damit Sie gesund bleiben?Hamburg: VSA.
32.
JohnsG (2010) Presenteeism in the workplace: a review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior31: 519–542.
33.
JonesGRGeorgeJM (2014) Contemporary Management (8th edn). New York: McGraw Hill.
34.
KarasekRATheorellT (1990) Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
35.
KinsellaKPhillipsDR (2005) Global aging: the challenge of success. Population Bulletin60: 1–40.
36.
KobasaSC (1979) Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37: 1–11.
37.
KristensenTSBorritzMVilladsenEChristensenKB (2005) The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress19: 192–207.
38.
LindforsPBerntssonLLundbergU (2006) Total workload as related to psychological well-being and symptoms in full-time employed female and male white-collar workers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine13: 131–137.
39.
LokPCrawfordJ (2004) The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a cross-national comparison. Journal of Management Development23: 321–338.
40.
LundDB (2003) Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing18: 219–236.
41.
LundbergU (1996) Influence of paid and unpaid work on psychophysiological stress responses of men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology1: 117–130.
42.
LutzW (2006) European Demographic Data Sheet 2006. Vienna/Washington, DC: Vienna Institute of Demography, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, and Population Reference Bureau, 2006.
43.
MarksSR (1977) Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review42: 921–936.
44.
MasonCHPerreaultWD (1991) Collinearity, power and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. Journal of Marketing Research28: 268–280.
45.
MooreMHStephensDW (1991) Beyond Command and Control: The Strategic Management of Police Departments. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
46.
NahrgangJDMorgesonFPHofmannDA (2007) Predicting safety performance: a meta-analysis of safety and organizational constructs. In 22nd Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York.
47.
NüblingMStößelUHasselhornHMMichaelisMHofmannF (2006) Measuring psychological stress and strain at work – evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine3.
48.
O’ReillyCAChatmanJCaldwellDF (1991) People and organizational culture: a profile comparison approach to assessing person–organization fit. Academy of Management Journal34: 487–516.
49.
O’ReillyCAChatmanJA (1996) Culture as social control: corporations, cults, and commitment. Research in Organizational Behavior18: 157–200.
50.
PratiGPietrantoniL (2010) Risk and resilience factors among Italian municipal police officers exposed to critical incidents. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology25: 27–33.
51.
ReinerR (2010) The Politics of the Police. New York: Oxford University Press.
52.
ReuterM (2012) Alarmierend hohe Krankenstände in der Polizei – Eine Problemskizze. Kriminalistik5: 303–307.
53.
RiolliLSavickiV (2003) Optimism and coping as moderators of the relation between work resources and burnout in information service workers. International Journal of Stress Management10: 235–252.
ScheinEH (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
57.
ShiromANirelNVinokurAD (2010) Work hours and caseload as predictors of physician burnout: the mediating effects by perceived workload and by autonomy. Applied Psychology: An International Review59: 539–565.
58.
SilverthorneC (2004) The impact of organizational culture and person–organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taïwan. Leadership & Organization Development Journal25: 592–599.
59.
SkolnickJH (1966) Justice Without Trial. New York: Wiley.
60.
SöderfeldtMSöderfeldtBOhlsonCGTheorellTJonesI (2000) The impact of sense of coherence and high-demand/low-control job environment on self-reported health, burnout and psychophysiological stress indicators. Work & Stress14: 1–15.
61.
Van MaanenJ (1974) Working the streets: a developmental view of police behavior. In JacobH. (ed.) The Potential for Reform of Criminal Justice. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE, 53–130.
62.
VeraAKoellingK (2013) Street cop culture and the ageing police force: understanding the interplay between demographic change, organizational culture and police officers’ performance. European Journal of Policing Studies1: 64–88.
63.
VeraAKokoskaW (2009) Die Polizei als alternde Organisation – Konsequenzen für das Personalmanagment. In Kuratorium der Deutschen Hochschule der Polizei (Hrsg.) Ausgewählte Aspekte des Personalmanagements der Polizei, Dresden: Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Hochschule der Polizei, S. 11 ff.
64.
VogtJBaduraBHollmannD (2009) Krank bei der Arbeit: Präsentismusphänomene In: von BöckenJBraunBLandmannJ (Hrsg.) Gesundheitsmonitor 2009. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 179–202.
65.
WagenaEGeurtsS (2000) SWING. Ontwikkeling en validering van de survey werk-thuisinterferentie Nijmegen. Tijdschrift voor Psychologie en Gezondheid28: 138–158.
66.
World Health Organization (1947) Constitution of the World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO.
67.
ZoharD (2003) The influence of leadership and climate on occupational health and safety. In HofmannDATetrickLE (eds), Health and Safety in Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 201–230.
