Due to the dominating advantages of natural fibres such as biodegradability, eco-friendliness, nominal cost, low density and high specific strength, they are being used opposite to synthetic fibres in many industrial applications. Despite many advantages, these fibres face some limitations such as higher moisture uptake, quality variations, low thermal stability, and poor compatibility with polymeric matrix. To overcome these limitations, chemical treatments of these fibres were found to be the most suitable method to improve adhesion with polymers, increase their strength and water absorption resistance, and improve their composite properties also. Among chemical treatments, alkali treatment is the most widely used and versatile surface modification method of the natural fibres. A good number of research works have been carried out on effect of alkali treatment on the properties of natural fibres and its composites, which motivated for this review. In this paper, the effect of alkali treatment on the properties of natural fibres has been reviewed. In addition, the physical and mechanical properties, thermal analysis and tribological behaviour of its biocomposites are also reviewed. It was concluded that alkali treatment of natural fibres could provide enhanced properties of various bio-composites up to a great extent.
BhudoliaSKKamKKJoshiSC. Mechanical and vibration response of insulated hybrid composites. J Indus Text2018; 47: 1887–1907.
2.
RamnathBVManickavasagamBMElanchezhianC. Determination of mechanical properties of intra-layer abaca–jute–glass fibre reinforced composite. Mater Des2014; 60: 643–652.
3.
Sahu P and Gupta MK. Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of sisal fibres. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering vol. 455(1), 13-14 July 2018, pp.1–9. MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
4.
RameshMPalanikumarKReddyKH. Comparative evaluation on properties of hybrid glass fibre-sisal/jute reinforced epoxy composites. Procedia Eng2013; 51: 745–750.
AliAShakerKNawabY, et al.Hydrophobic treatment of natural fibres and their composites—a review. J Indus Text2018; 47: 2153–2183.
7.
KhanamPNKhalilHAJawaidM, et al.Sisal/carbon fibre reinforced hybrid composites: tensile, flexural and chemical resistance properties. J Polym Environ2010; 18: 727–733.
8.
SahuPGuptaMK. Sisal (Agave sisalana) fibre and its polymer-based composites: a review on current developments. J Reinf Plast Comp2017; 36: 1759–1780.
9.
De RosaIMSantulliCSarasiniF. Mechanical and thermal characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with random and quasi-unidirectional untreated Phormium tenax leaf fibres. Mater Des2010; 31: 2397–2405.
10.
JohnMJAnandjiwalaRD. Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fibre‐reinforced composites. Polym Compos2008; 29: 187–207.
11.
SathishkumarTPNavaneethakrishnanPShankarS, et al.Characterization of natural fibre and composites–a review. J Reinf Plast Comp2013; 32: 1457–1476.
12.
Al-Maadeed MA and Labidi S. Recycled polymers in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites. In: Hodzic A and Shanks R (eds) Natural fibre composites, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014, pp.103–114.
13.
YanLChouwNJayaramanK. Flax fibre and its composites–a review. Compos Part B: Eng2014; 56: 296–317.
14.
SanjayMRArpithaGRNaikLL, et al.Applications of natural fibres and its composites: an overview. Nat Resour2016; 7: 108–108.
15.
TongYZhaoSMaJ, et al.Improving cracking and drying shrinkage properties of cement mortar by adding chemically treated luffa fibres. Construct Build Mater2014; 71: 327–333.
16.
MohammedLAnsariMNPuaG, et al.A review on natural fibre reinforced polymer composite and its applications. Int J Polym Sci2015. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1155/2015/243947.
17.
ChandramohanDBharanichandarJ. Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites for automobile accessories. Am J Environ Sci2013; 9: 494–504.
18.
IlyasRASapuanSMNorizanMN, et al.Potential of natural fibre composites for transport industry: a review. Prosiding Seminar Enau Kebangsaan2019.
19.
KarusMGahleGC. Use of natural fibres in composites for the German automotive production from 1999 till 2005. Slowed growth in the past two years new production techniques arising, Hurth: Nova-Institut, 2006.
SABIC innovative plastics. Sabic innovative plastics’ new bio-based composites give customers greatly expanded options for more impactful sustainable products, www.pressreleasefinder.com/pr/SABICIPPR093/en (accessed 3 May 2017).
Saxena M, Pappu A, Haque R, et al. Sisal fibre based polymer composites and their applications. In: Kalia S, Kaith BS, Kaur I (eds) Cellulose fibres: bio-and nano-polymer composites. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, pp.589–659.
PeçasPCarvalhoHSalmanH, et al.Natural fibre composites and their applications: a review. J Compos Sci2018; 2: 66–66.
27.
CheungHYHoMPLauKT, et al.Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications. Compos Part B: Eng2009; 40: 655–663.
Ridzuan MB, Daud Z, Ahmad Z, et al. Development of natural fibre as a filter media in removing organic pollutants from greywater. In: Defect and diffusion forum. Trans Tech Publications, 2018, pp.302–306.
30.
PickeringKLEfendyMALeTM. A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2016; 83: 98–112.
31.
HoMPWangHLeeJH, et al.Critical factors on manufacturing processes of natural fibre composites. Compos Part B: Eng2012; 43: 3549–3562.
AbdelmoulehMBoufiSBelgacemMN, et al.Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67: 1627–1639.
35.
MwaikamboLYAnsellMP. Chemical modification of hemp, sisal, jute, and kapok fibres by alkalization. J Appl Polym Sci2002; 84: 2222–2234.
36.
ArsyadM. Sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate treatment on mechanical properties of coconut fibres. Easy Chair2019.
37.
MishraSMohantyAKDrzalLT, et al.Studies on mechanical performance of biofibre/glass reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol2003; 63: 1377–1385.
38.
HillCAKhalilHAHaleMD. A study of the potential of acetylation to improve the properties of plant fibres. Ind Crop Prod1998; 8: 53–63.
39.
BledzkiAKMamunAALucka-GaborM, et al.The effects of acetylation on properties of flax fibre and its polypropylene composites. Express Polym Lett2008; 2: 413–422.
40.
NairKMThomasSGroeninckxG. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis of polystyrene composites reinforced with short sisal fibres. Compos Sci Technol2001; 61: 2519–2529.
41.
LiXTabilLGPanigrahiS. Chemical treatments of natural fibre for use in natural fibre-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ2007; 15: 25–33.
42.
JosephKThomasSPavithranC. Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polym1996; 37: 5139–5149.
43.
AgrawalRSaxenaNSSharmaKB, et al.Activation energy and crystallization kinetics of untreated and treated oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Mater Sci Eng: A2000; 277: 77–82.
44.
SreekalaMSKumaranMGJosephS, et al.Oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites: influence of fibre surface modifications on the mechanical performance. App Compos Mater2000; 7: 295–329.
45.
Valadez-GonzalezACervantes-UcJMOlayoR, et al.Chemical modification of henequen fibres with an organosilane coupling agent. Compos Part B: Eng1999; 30: 321–331.
46.
SekiY. Innovative multifunctional siloxane treatment of jute fibre surface and its effect on the mechanical properties of jute/thermoset composites. Mater Sci Eng: A2009; 508: 247–252.
47.
BledzkiAKGassanJ. Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci1999; 24: 221–274.
48.
KaliaSKaithBSKaurI. Pretreatments of natural fibres and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—a review. Polym Eng Sci2009; 49: 1253–1272.
49.
ZahranMKRehanMF. Grafting of acrylic acid onto flax fibres using Mn (IV)‐citric acid redox system. J Appl Polym Sci2006; 102: 3028–3036.
50.
PaulAJosephKThomasS. Effect of surface treatments on the electrical properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with short sisal fibres. Compos Sci Technol1997; 57: 67–79.
51.
SreekalaMSKumaranMGThomasS. Water sorption in oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 763–777.
52.
KalaprasadGFrancisBThomasS, et al.Effect of fibre length and chemical modifications on the tensile properties of intimately mixed short sisal/glass hybrid fibre reinforced low density polyethylene composites. Polym Int2004; 53: 1624–1638.
PaulSAJosephKMathewGG, et al.Influence of polarity parameters on the mechanical properties of composites from polypropylene fibre and short banana fibre. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2010; 41: 1380–1387.
55.
RahmanMMMallikAKKhanMA. Influences of various surface pretreatments on the mechanical and degradable properties of photografted oil palm fibres. J Appl polym Sci2007; 105: 3077–3086.
56.
KaliaaSKaithBSKaurI. Pretreatments of natural fibres and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites – a review. Polym Eng Sci2009; 49: 1253–1272.
57.
GeorgeJVerpoestJI. Mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie1999; 272: 41–45.
58.
MisraSMisraMTripathySS, et al.The influence of chemical surface modification on the performance of sisal‐polyester biocomposites. Polym Compos2002; 23: 164–170.
59.
ChattopadhyayHSarkarPB. A new method for the estimation of cellulose. Proceed Nat Acad Sci1946; 12: 23–46.
60.
FioreVScaliciTNicolettiF, et al.A new eco-friendly chemical treatment of natural fibres: Effect of sodium bicarbonate on properties of sisal fibre and its epoxy composites. Compos Part B: Eng2016; 85: 150–160.
61.
FioreVScaliciTValenzaA. Effect of sodium bicarbonate treatment on mechanical properties of flax-reinforced epoxy composite materials. J Compos Mater2018; 52: 1061–1072.
62.
ChaitanyaSSinghI. Sisal fibre‐reinforced green composites: effect of ecofriendly fibre treatment. Polym Compos2018; 39: 4310–4321.
63.
GuptaMKGondRKBhartiA. Effects of treatments on the properties of polyester based hemp composite. Indian J Fibre Text2018; 43: 313–319.
64.
KeenerTJStuartRKBrownTK. Maleated coupling agents for natural fibre composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2004; 35: 357–362.
65.
MohantySNayakSKVermaSK, et al.Effect of MAPP as a coupling agent on the performance of jute–PP composites. J Reinf Plast Comp2004; 23: 625–637.
66.
ChandrasekarMIshakMRSapuanSM, et al.A review on the characterisation of natural fibres and their composites after alkali treatment and water absorption. Plast Rubber Compos2017; 46: 119–136.
67.
Rowell RM. Property enhanced natural fibre composite materials based on chemical modification. In: Prasad PN, Mark JE, Kendil SH, et al. (eds) Science and technology of polymers and advanced materials. Boston, MA: Springer, Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp.717–732.
68.
GassanJBledzkiAK. Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Compos Sci Technol1999; 59: 1303–1309.
69.
JohnMJAnandjiwalaRD. Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fibre‐reinforced composites. Polym Compos2008; 29: 187–207.
70.
WangBPanigrahiSTabilL, et al.Pre-treatment of flax fibres for use in rotationally molded biocomposites. J Reinf Plast Comp2007; 26: 447–463.
71.
MohantyAKMisraMDrzalLT. Surface modifications of natural fibres and performance of the resulting biocomposites: an overview. Compos Interface2001; 8: 313–343.
72.
Islam MS, Pickering KL, Beckermann GW, et al. The effect of fibre treatment using alkali on industrial hemp fibre/epoxy resin composites. In: Proceedings of the international conference on mechanical engineering, (ICME), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 6–8 July 2005, pp. 28–30.
73.
VichnevskySFuhrBMelnichukJ. Characterization of wood and non-wood mechanical pulps by differential thermal analysis. J Pulp Pap Sci2003; 29: 17–20.
74.
Ravi M, Dubey RR, Shome A, et al. Effect of surface treatment on Natural fibres composite. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, IConMMEE, Moodbidri, Karnataka India, 2–3 March 2018.
75.
Karim MA, Zaman I, Rozlan SA, et al. Structural characterization and mechanical properties of polypropylene reinforced natural fibres. In: Journal of physics: conference series, 2017, p.012035 International Conference on Materials Physics and Mechanics, Langkawi, Malaysia, 22–23 July 2017.
76.
ManaloACWaniEZukarnainNA, et al.Effects of alkali treatment and elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre–polyester composites. Compos Part B: Eng2015; 80: 73–83.
77.
López ManchadoMAArroyoMBiagiottiJ, et al.Enhancement of mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion of PP/EPDM/flax fibre composites using maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer. J Appl Polym Sci2003; 90: 2170–2178.
78.
López ManchadoMAArroyoMBiagiottiJ, et al.Enhancement of mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion of PP/EPDM/flax fibre composites using maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer. J Appl Polym Sci2003; 90: 2170–2178.
79.
SuradiSSYunusRMBegMD, et al.Oil palm bio-fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites-effects of matrix modification on mechanical and thermal properties. J Appl Sci2010; 10: 3271–3276.
80.
XieYHillCAXiaoZ, et al.Silane coupling agents used for natural fibre/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2010; 41: 806–819.
81.
LiXTabilLGPanigrahiS. Chemical treatments of natural fibre for use in natural fibre-reinforced composites: a review. J Polym Environ2007; 15: 25–33.
82.
DashBNRanaAKMishraSC, et al.Novel low-cost jute–polyester composite. II. SEM observation of the fractured surfaces. Polym Plast Technol Eng2000; 39: 333–350.
83.
ReddyKOMaheswariCUShuklaM, et al.Tensile and structural characterization of alkali treated Borassus fruit fine fibres. Compos Part B: Eng2013; 44: 433–438.
84.
KabirMMWangHLauKT, et al.Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer composites: an overview. Compos Part B: Eng2012; 43: 2883–2892.
85.
SawpanMAPickeringKLFernyhoughA. Effect of various chemical treatments on the fibre structure and tensile properties of industrial hemp fibres. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2011; 42: 888–895.
86.
ChenHYuYZhongT, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of individual bamboo fibres. Cellulose2017; 24: 333–347.
87.
De RosaIMKennyJMManiruzzamanM, et al.Effect of chemical treatments on the mechanical and thermal behaviour of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fibres. Compos Sci Technol2011; 71: 246–254.
88.
TeliMJadhavA. Effect of mercerization on the properties of pandanus odorifer lignocellulosic fibre. IOSR J Polym Text Eng2013; 4: 7–15.
89.
KabirMMWangHLauKT, et al.Tensile properties of chemically treated hemp fibres as reinforcement for composites. Compos Part B: Eng2013; 53: 362–368.
90.
BoopathiLSampathPSMylsamyK. Investigation of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of raw and alkali treated Borassus fruit fibre. Compos Part B: Eng2012; 43: 3044–3052.
91.
Mardiyati S, Rizkiansyah RR, Senoaji A, et al. Effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and thermal properties of Sansevieria trifasciata fibre. In: AIP conference proceedings, 2016, The 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials Science and Technology (ICAMST 2015), Semarang, Indonesia, 6–7 October 2015.
92.
SinhaAKNarangHKBhattacharyaS. Effect of alkali treatment on surface morphology of abaca fibre. Materials Today: Proceedings2017; 4: 8993–8996.
93.
WongKJYousifBFLowKO. The effects of alkali treatment on the interfacial adhesion of bamboo fibres. Proc IMechE, Part L: J Materials: Design and Applications2010; 224: 139–148.
94.
EdeerozeyAMAkilHMAzharAB, et al.Chemical modification of kenaf fibres. Mater Lett2007; 61: 2023–2025.
95.
BorchaniKECarrotCJaziriM. Untreated and alkali treated fibres from Alfa stem: effect of alkali treatment on structural, morphological and thermal features. Cellulose2015; 22: 1577–1589.
96.
ReddyKOMaheswariCUShuklaM, et al.Tensile and structural characterization of alkali treated Borassus fruit fine fibres. Compos Part B: Eng2013; 44: 433–438.
97.
RidzuanMJMajidMAAfendiM, et al.The effects of the alkaline treatment are soaking exposure on the tensile strength of napier fibre. Procedia Manuf2015; 2: 353–358.
98.
MahjoubRYatimJMSamAR, et al.Tensile properties of kenaf fibre due to various conditions of chemical fibre surface modifications. Construct Build Mater2014; 55: 103–113.
99.
ZhuJBrightonJZhuH, et al.Effect of alkali, esterification and silane surface treatments on properites of flax fibres. J Sci Res Rep2014; 4: 1–1.
100.
OmoleJTDaudaB. Physical and mechanical properties of chemically treated bagasse fibre for use as filler in unsaturated polyester composite. Int J Compos Mater2016; 6: 48–54.
101.
BoopalanMUmapathyMJJenyferP. A comparative study on the mechanical properties of jute and sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites. Silicon2012; 4: 145–149.
102.
CaiMTakagiHNakagaitoAN, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on interfacial bonding in abaca fibre-reinforced composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2016; 90: 589–597.
103.
De AlbuquerqueACJosephKde CarvalhoLH, et al.Effect of wettability and ageing conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of uniaxially oriented jute-roving-reinforced polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol2000; 60: 833–844.
104.
DhanalakshmiSRamadeviPBasavarajuB. Effect of chemical treatments on tensile strength of areca fibre reinforced natural rubber composites. IOSR J Appl Chem2015; 8: 43–52.
105.
SinghJIDhawanVSinghS, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties of jute, sisal, banana, hemp and abaca fibres for polymer composite reinforcement. Int J Mech Eng Technol2017; 8: 1775–1784.
106.
GuptaMKGondRK. Influence of concentrations of alkali treatment on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of hemp/polyester composite. Am J Polym Sci Eng2017; 5: 24–33.
107.
AzizSHAnsellMP. The effect of alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf and hemp bast fibre composites: Part 1–polyester resin matrix. Compos Sci Technol2004; 64: 1219–1230.
108.
CaiMTakagiHNakagaitoAN, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on interfacial bonding in abaca fibre-reinforced composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2016; 90: 589–597.
109.
HosurMMarojuHJeelaniS. Comparison of effects of alkali treatment on flax fibre reinforced polyester and polyester-biopolymer blend resins. Polym Polym Compos2015; 23: 229–242.
110.
ChikoucheMDMerroucheAAziziA, et al.Influence of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of new cane fibre/polyester composites. J Reinf Plast Compos2015; 34: 1329–1339.
111.
PrasadSVPavithranCRohatgiPK. Alkali treatment of coir fibres for coir-polyester composites. J Mater Sci1983; 18: 1443–1454.
112.
FioreVDi BellaGValenzaA. The effect of alkaline treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibres and their epoxy composites. Compos Part B: Eng2015; 68: 14–21.
113.
RayDSarkarBKRanaAK, et al.Effect of alkali treated jute fibres on composite properties. B Mater Sci2001; 24: 129–135.
114.
RokbiMOsmaniHImadA, et al.Effect of chemical treatment on flexure properties of natural fibre-reinforced polyester composite. Procced Eng2011; 10: 2092–2097.
115.
MohammedMHDaudaB. Unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with chemically modified natural fibre. IOSR J Polym Text Eng2014; 1: 31–38.
116.
SomashekarSShanthakumarGC. Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties of sisal-reinforced epoxy polymer matrix composite. Int J Mech Eng Robot Res2009; 3: 441–441.
117.
SreekumarPAThomasSPMarc SaiterJ, et al.Effect of fibre surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2009; 40: 1777–1784.
118.
BachtiarDSapuanSMHamdanMM. Flexural properties of alkaline treated sugar palm fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Auto Mech Eng2010; 1: 79–90.
119.
ValloCKennyJMVazquezA, et al.Effect of chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of starch-based blends reinforced with sisal fibre. J Compos Mater2004; 38: 1387–1399.
120.
MwaikamboLYTuckerNClarkAJ. Mechanical properties of hemp‐fibre‐reinforced euphorbia composites. Macromol Mater Eng2007; 292: 993–1000.
121.
RayDSarkarBKDasS, et al.Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of vinylester-resin-matrix composites reinforced with untreated and alkali-treated jute fibres. Compos Sci Technol2002; 62: 911–917.
122.
RashidBLemanZJawaidM, et al.Influence of treatments on the mechanical and thermal properties of sugar palm fibre reinforced phenolic composites. BioResources2017; 12: 1447–1462.
123.
ShanmugamDThiruchitrambalamM. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of alkali treated unidirectional continuous Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fibre/jute fibre reinforced hybrid polyester composites. Mater Des2013; 50: 533–542.
124.
BenyahiaAMerroucheARokbiM, et al.Study the effect of alkali treatment of natural fibres on the mechanical behavior of the composite unsaturated Polyester-fibre Alfa. Composites2013; 2: 3–3.
125.
JosephKThomasSPavithranC. Effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced polyethylene composites. Polymer1996; 37: 5139–5149.
126.
El-AbbassiFEAssararMAyadR, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on Alfa fibre as reinforcement for polypropylene based eco-composites: mechanical behaviour and water ageing. Compos Struct2015; 133: 451–457.
127.
NopparutAAmornsakchaiT. Influence of pineapple leaf fibre and its surface treatment on molecular orientation in, and mechanical properties of, injection molded nylon composites. Polym Test2016; 52: 141–149.
128.
NamTHOgiharaSTungNH, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on interfacial and mechanical properties of coir fibre reinforced poly (butylene succinate) biodegradable composites. Compos Part B: Eng2011; 42: 1648–1656.
129.
BessaJMatosJMotaC, et al.Influence of surface treatments on the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Proc Eng2017; 200: 465–471.
130.
BoopathiLSampathPSMylsamyK. Investigation of physical, chemical and mechanical properties of raw and alkali treated Borassus fruit fibre. Compos Part B: Eng2012; 43: 3044–3052.
131.
El-ShekeilYASapuanSMKhalinaA, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical and thermal properties of Kenaf fibre-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite. J Therm Anal Calorim2012; 109: 1435–1443.
132.
PanyasartKChaiyutNAmornsakchaiT, et al.Effect of surface treatment on the properties of pineapple leaf fibres reinforced polyamide 6 composites. Energy Procedia2014; 56: 406–413.
133.
PaulSABoudenneAIbosL, et al.Effect of fibre loading and chemical treatments on thermophysical properties of banana fibre/polypropylene commingled composite materials. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2008; 39: 1582–1588.
134.
Sayanjali JasbiMHasaniHZadhoushA, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties of the green composites reinforced with milkweed fibres. J Text Inst2018; 109: 24–31.
135.
HaqueMMHasanMIslamMS, et al.Physico-mechanical properties of chemically treated palm and coir fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Bioresour Technol2009; 100: 4903–4906.
136.
JarukumjornKSuppakarnN. Effect of glass fibre hybridization on properties of sisal fibre–polypropylene composites. Compos Part B: Eng2009; 40: 623–627.
137.
KarsliNGAytacA. Properties of alkali treated short flax fibre reinforced poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate composites. Fibre Polym2014; 15: 2607–2612.
138.
RahmanMMKhanMA. Surface treatment of coir (Cocos nucifera) fibres and its influence on the fibres’ physico-mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67: 2369–2376.
139.
ChalidMPrabowoI. The effects of alkalization to the mechanical properties of the ijuk fibre reinforced PLA biocomposites. Int J Chem Mol Nucl Mater Metall Eng2015; 9: 342–346.
140.
HaneefaABinduPAravindI, et al.Studies on tensile and flexural properties of short banana/glass hybrid fibre reinforced polystyrene composites. J Compos Mater2008; 42: 1471–1489.
141.
PugliaDMontiMSantulliC, et al.Effect of alkali and silane treatments on mechanical and thermal behavior of Phormium tenax fibres. Fibre Polym2013; 14: 423–427.
142.
OushabiASairSHassaniFO, et al.The effect of alkali treatment on mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of date palm fibres (DPFs): study of the interface of DPF–polyurethane composite. South African J Chem Eng2017; 23: 116–123.
143.
MittalVSinhaS. Effect of alkali treatment on the thermal properties of wheat straw fibre reinforced epoxy composites. J Compos Mater2017; 51: 323–331.
144.
LiuWMohantyAKDrzalLT, et al.Effects of alkali treatment on the structure, morphology and thermal properties of native grass fibres as reinforcements for polymer matrix composites. J Mater Sci2004; 39: 1051–1054.
145.
Guduri BR, Semosa H and Meng YZ. Green composites from woven flax fibre and bio-copolyester. In: Proceedings of 17th ICCM international conferences on composite materials, Edinburgh, UK, Jul 2009.
146.
PaulSABoudenneAIbosL, et al.Effect of fibre loading and chemical treatments on thermophysical properties of banana fibre/polypropylene commingled composite materials. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2008; 39: 1582–1588.
147.
KarsliNGAytacA. Properties of alkali treated short flax fibre reinforced poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate composites. Fibre Polym2014; 15: 2607–2612.
148.
VenkateshwaranNPerumalAEArunsundaranayagamD. Fibre surface treatment and its effect on mechanical and visco-elastic behaviour of banana/epoxy composite. Mater Des2013; 47: 151–159.
Singh GillNYousifBF. Wear and frictional performance of betelnut fibre-reinforced polyester composite. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2009; 223: 183–194.
151.
Guduri BR, Semosa H and Meng YZ. Green composites from woven flax fibre and bio-copolyester. In: Proceedings of 17th ICCM international conferences on composite materials, Edinburgh, UK, 27–31 July 2009.
152.
SantulliC. Impact properties of glass/plant fibre hybrid laminates. J Mater Sci2003; 42: 3699–3707.
153.
GuptaMKSrivastavaRK. Mechanical properties of hybrid fibres-reinforced polymer composite: a review. Polym Plast Technol Eng2003; 55: 626–642.
154.
MishraSMohantyAKDrzalLT, et al.Studies on mechanical performance of biofibre/glass reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol2003; 63: 1377–1385.
155.
ÖztürkB. Hybrid effect in the mechanical properties of jute/rockwool hybrid fibres reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Fibres Polym2010; 11: 464–473.
156.
DittenberDBGangaRaoHV. Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2012; 43: 1419–1429.
157.
ThiruchitrambalamMAlavudeenAAthijayamaniA, et al.Improving mechanical properties of banana/kenaf polyester hybrid composites using sodium laulryl sulfate treatment. Mater Phys Mech2009; 8: 165–173.
158.
GuptaMKSrivastavaRK. Mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of hybrid sisal/jute fibre reinforced polymer composite. In J Eng Mater Sci2001; 23: 231–238.
159.
MishraSMisraMTripathySS, et al.Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile on chemically modified sisal fibres. Macromolecular Mater Eng2001; 286: 107–113.
160.
GoudGRaoRN. Effect of surface modification and hybridization on dynamic mechanical properties of Roystonea regia/glass–epoxy composites. Bull Mater Sci2012; 35: 1143–1149.
161.
IsaMTUsmanSAmehAO, et al.The effect of fibre treatment on the mechanical and water absorption properties of short okra/glass fibres hybridized epoxy composites. Int J Mater Eng2016; 4: 180–184.
162.
YahayaRSapuanSMJawaidM, et al.Effect of fibre orientations on the mechanical properties of kenaf–aramid hybrid composites for spall-liner application. Def Technol2016; 12: 52–58.
163.
BakkalMBodurMSSonmezHE, et al.The effect of chemical treatment methods on the outdoor performance of waste textile fibre-reinforced polymer composites. J Compos Mater2016; 51(14): 1–13.
164.
RazeraIAFrolliniE. Composites based on jute fibres and phenolic matrices: properties of fibres and composites. J Appl Polym Sci2004; 91: 1077–1085.
165.
NaguibHMKandilUFHashemAI, et al.Effect of fibre loading on the mechanical and physical properties of “green” bagasse–polyester composite. J Rad Res Appl Sci2015; 8: 544–548.
166.
YanLChouwNHuangL, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of coir fibres, coir fibre reinforced-polymer composites and reinforced-cementitious composites. Construct Build Mater2016; 112: 168–182.
167.
GeorgeJBhagawanSSThomasS. Effects of environment on the properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with pineapple-leaf fibre. Compos Sci Technol1998; 58: 1471–1485.
168.
JaMHMajidMAAfendiM, et al.Effects of water absorption on Napier grass fibre/polyester composites. Compos Struct2016; 144: 138–146.
169.
BoussehelHMeghezziANebbacheN, et al.The effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of olive stone flour reinforced polystyrene composites. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci2016; 7: 26–33.
170.
ReddyBMReddyYVReddyBC. Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical, water absorption and chemical resistance properties of cordia-dichotoma fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Appl Eng Res2018; 13: 3709–3715.
171.
Mohd NazarudinZMohd AriffJKassimMA, et al.The effect of alkaline treatment on water absorption and tensile properties of non-woven kenaf polyester composite. Adv Mater Res2013; 812: 258–262.
172.
NirmalUHashimJLowKO. Adhesive wear and frictional performance of bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy composite. Tribo Int2012; 47: 122–133.
173.
YousifBFEl-TayebNS. Adhesive wear performance of T-OPRP and UT-OPRP composites. Tribo Lett2008; 32: 199–208.
174.
SwainPTBiswasS. Abrasive wear behaviour of surface modified jute fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Res2017; 20: 661–674.
175.
GoriparthiBKSumanKNRaoNM. Effect of fibre surface treatments on mechanical and abrasive wear performance of polylactide/jute composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2012; 43: 1800–1808.
176.
GassanJ. A study of fibre and interface parameters affecting the fatigue behaviour of natural fibre composites. Compos Pt A Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 369–374.
ShahzadA. Effects of alkalization on tensile, impact, and fatigue properties of hemp fibre composites. Polym Compos2012; 33: 1129–1140.
179.
GracerajPPVenkatachalamGShankarAG, et al.Investigation on fatigue strength of the jute fiber reinforced hybrid polymer matrix composites. UPB Sci Bull Series D2016; 78: 185–196.
180.
Liber-KnecAKuźniarPKucielS. Accelerated fatigue testing of biodegradable composites with flax fibers. J Polym Environ2015; 223: 400–406.
181.
TowoANAnsellMP. Fatigue evaluation and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of sisal fibre–thermosetting resin composites. Compos Sci Technol2008; 68: 925–932.
182.
SarkarBKRayD. Effect of the defect concentration on the impact fatigue endurance of untreated and alkali treated jute–vinylester composites under normal and liquid nitrogen atmosphere. Compos Sci Technol2004; 64: 2213–2219.
183.
RayDSarkarBKRanaAK. Fracture behavior of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali‐treated jute fibres. J Appl Polym Sci2002; 85: 2588–2593.
184.
RayDSarkarBKBoseNR. Impact fatigue behaviour of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2002; 33: 233–241.
185.
GassanJBledzkiAK. Possibilities for improving the mechanical properties of jute/epoxy composites by alkali treatment of fibres. Compos Sci Technol1999; 59: 1303–1309.
186.
RaoKMRaoKMPrasadAR. Fabrication and testing of natural fibre composites: Vakka, sisal, bamboo and banana. Mater Des2010; 31: 508–513.
CarmiscianoSDe RosaIMSarasiniF, et al.Basalt woven fibre reinforced vinylester composites: flexural and electrical properties. Mater Des2011; 32: 337–342.
189.
ChandNJainD. Effect of sisal fibre orientation on electrical properties of sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf2005; 36: 594–602.
190.
NaikJBMishraS. Studies on electrical properties of natural fiber: HDPE composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng2005; 44: 687–693.
191.
PaulAJosephKThomasS. Effect of surface treatments on the electrical properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with short sisal fibres. Compos Sci Technol1997; 57: 67–79.
LaiCYSapuanSMAhmadM, et al.Mechanical and electrical properties of coconut coir fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym Plast Technol Eng2005; 44: 619–632.
194.
JayamaniEHamdanSRahmanMR, et al.Dielectric properties of lignocellulosic fibres reinforced polymer composites: effect of fibre loading and alkaline treatment. Mater Today Proc2015; 2: 2757–266.
195.
JayamaniEHamdanSRahmanMR, et al.Comparative study of dielectric properties of hybrid natural fiber composites. Procedia Eng2014; 97: 536–544.
196.
SrisuwanSPrasoetsophaNSuppakarnN, et al.The effects of alkalized and silanized woven sisal fibres on mechanical properties of natural rubber modified epoxy resin. Energy Procedia2014; 56: 19–25.
197.
GeethammaVGMathewKTLakshminarayananR, et al.Composite of short coir fibres and natural rubber: effect of chemical modification, loading and orientation of fibre. Polymer1998; 39: 1483–1491.
