In this paper, ratcheting behavior of intact and corroded 90o elbow pipe specimens of A234 WPB steel is investigated at intrados, crown, and extrados positions. A special fixture was designed and constructed to carry out the fatigue experiments. Then, the effects of fatigue loading parameters (mean and amplitude) and defect depth were examined on ratcheting responses of intact and corroded specimens at intrados, crown, and extrados positions. To simulate the ratcheting behavior of specimens, a finite element analysis was performed based on the combined nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening model. As a reasonable agreement was found between the finite element (FE) simulation results and experimental data, the influence of constant internal pressure during the cyclic loading was examined on ratcheting responses through FE simulation. Results indicated that decreasing the load amplitude was more effective on decreasing the ratcheting strain than that of the mean fatigue load. Moreover, the most critical ratcheting response was associated with the intrados location of the pipe. For defective specimens, decreasing fatigue loading parameters resulted in a shakedown behavior for a defect placed at extrados, while, for the defects at intrados and crown, an increasing behavior was observed for the ratcheting strain. It was revealed that, at extrados position, the ratcheting behavior was arrested up to 1 mm defect depth. The ratcheting strains were increased at intrados and crown by increasing the internal pressure, while they were decreased at extrados.
PinheiroBCPasqualinoIP. Fatigue analysis of damaged steel pipelines under cyclic internal pressure. Int J Fatigue2009; 31: 962–973.
2.
ZamaniPJaamialahmadiAShariatiM. Ductile failure and safety optimization, of gas pipeline. J Solid Mech2016; 8: 744–755.
3.
YangX. Low cycle fatigue and cyclic stress ratcheting failure behavior of carbon steel 45 under uniaxial cyclic loading. Int J Fatigue2005; 27: 1124–1132.
4.
TaoGXiaZ. Mean stress/strain effect on fatigue behavior of an epoxy resin. Int J Fatigue2007; 29: 2180–2190.
5.
KangGLiuYDingJ,et al.Uniaxial ratcheting and fatigue failure of tempered 42CrMo steel: damage evolution and damage-coupled visco-plastic constitutive model. Int J Plast2009; 25: 838–860.
6.
PunCLKanQMuttonPJ, et al.Ratcheting behaviour of high strength rail steels under bi-axial compression–torsion loadings: experiment and simulation. Int J Fatigue2014; 66: 138–154.
7.
Varvani-FarahaniANayebiA. Ratcheting in pressurized pipes and equipment: a review on affecting parameters, modelling, safety codes, and challenges. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct2018; 41: 503–538.
8.
KolasangianiKShariatiMFarhangdoostK, et al.Ratcheting progress at notch root of 1045 steel samples over asymmetric loading cycles: experiments and analyses. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct2018; 41: 1870–1883.
9.
ShariatiMHatamiHYarahmadiH, et al.An experimental study on the ratcheting and fatigue behavior of polyacetal under uniaxial cyclic loading. Mater Des2012; 34: 302–312.
10.
KolasangianiKFarhangdoostKShariatiM, et al.Ratcheting assessment of notched steel samples subjected to asymmetric loading cycles through coupled kinematic hardening-Neuber rules. Int J Mech Sci2018; 144: 24–32.
11.
PaulSK. A critical review of experimental aspects in ratcheting fatigue: microstructure to specimen to component. J Mater Res Technol2019; 8: 4894–4914.
12.
KulkarniSCDesaiYMKantT, et al.Uniaxial and biaxial ratchetting study of SA333 Gr.6 steel at room temperature. Int J Press Vessel Pip2003; 80: 179–185.
13.
RahmanSMHassanTCoronaE. Evaluation of cyclic plasticity models in ratcheting simulation of straight pipes under cyclic bending and steady internal pressure. Int J Plast2008; 24: 1756–1791.
14.
ZakaviSJZehsazMEslamiMRThe ratchetting behavior of pressurized plain pipework subjected to cyclic bending moment with the combined hardening model. Nucl Eng Des2010; 240: 726–737.
15.
ShariatiMHatamiH. Experimental study of SS304L cylindrical shell with/without cutout under cyclic axial loading. Theor Appl Fract Mech2012; 58: 35–43.
16.
ShariatiMKolasangianiKNorouziG, et al.Experimental study of SS316L cantilevered cylindrical shells under cyclic bending load. Thin Wall Struct2014; 82: 124–131.
17.
ShariatiMKolasangianiKGolmakaniH. Cyclic behavior of SS316L cylindrical shells under pure torsional load: an experimental investigation. Thin Wall Struct2016; 109: 242–250.
18.
ChenXChenX. Study on ratcheting effect of pressurized straight pipe with local wall thinning using finite element analysis. Int J Press Vessel Pip2016; 139–140: 69–76.
19.
HatamiHShariatiM. Numerical and experimental investigation of SS304L cylindrical shell with cutout under uniaxial cyclic loading. IJST-T Mech Eng2019; 43: 139–153.
20.
KarimiRShariatiM. Experimental and numerical analysis of ratcheting behavior of SS 316 L thin-walled pipes subjected to cyclic internal pressure. J Press Vessel Technol2020; 142: 061508. DOI: 10.1115/1.4047652.
21.
RahmanSMHassanT. Advanced cyclic plasticity models in simulating ratcheting responses of straight and elbow piping components, and notched plates. In: ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, 2005; Vol. 4188: pp. 421–427.
22.
ChenXGaoBChenG. Ratcheting study of pressurized elbows subjected to reversed in-plane bending. J Press Vessel Technol2006; 128: 525–532.
23.
VishnuvardhanSRaghavaGGandhiP, et al.Ratcheting failure of pressurised straight pipes and elbows under reversed bending. Int J Press Vessel Pip2013; 105–106: 79–89.
24.
HassanTRahmanMBariS. Low-cycle fatigue and ratcheting responses of elbow piping components. J Press Vessel Technol2015; 137: 031010. DOI: 10.1115/1.4029068.
25.
IslamNFentonMHassanT. Long and Short Radius Elbow Experiments and Evaluation of Advanced Constitutive Models to Simulate the Responses. In: ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, 2015; Vol. 57034: pp. V008T08A016.
26.
ChenXChenXYuW, et al.Ratcheting behavior of pressurized 90 elbow piping subjected to reversed in-plane bending with a combined hardening model. Int J Press Vessel Pip2016; 137: 28–37.
27.
ChenXChenX. Effect of local wall thinning on ratcheting behavior of pressurized 90 elbow pipe under reversed bending using finite element analysis. Steel Compos Struct2016; 20: 931–950.
28.
ChenXWangXChenX. Effects of temperature on the ratcheting behavior of pressurized 90° elbow pipe under force controlled cyclic loading. Smart Struct Syst2017; 19: 473–485.
29.
ForoutanMAhmadzadehGRVarvani-FarahaniA. Axial and hoop ratcheting assessment in pressurized steel elbow pipes subjected to bending cycles. Thin Wall Struct2018; 123: 317–323.
30.
LiuCYuDAkramW, et al.Ratcheting behavior of pressurized elbow pipe at intrados under different loading paths. Thin Wall Struct2019; 138: 293–301.
31.
LeeYLPanJHathawayRB, et al.Fatigue testing and analysis (theory and practice). Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann, 2005.
32.
El MayMPalin-LucT, et al.Effect of corrosion on the high cycle fatigue strength of martensitic stainless steel X12CrNiMoV12-3. Int J Fatigue2013; 47: 330–339.
33.
NakamuraIOtaniAShiratoriM. Failure behavior of elbows with local wall thinning under cyclic load. In: ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, 2004; Vol. 46814: pp. 173–180.
34.
ShiHChenGWangY, et al.Ratcheting behavior of pressurized elbow pipe with local wall thinning. Int J Press Vessel Pip2013; 102–103: 14–23.
35.
LourencoMINettoTA. Ratcheting of corroded pipes under cyclic bending and internal pressure. Int J Press Vessel Pip2015; 125: 35–48.
36.
ZeinoddiniMPeykanuMVarshosazM, et al.Ratcheting behaviour of corroded steel tubes under uniaxial cycling: an experimental investigation. J Constr Steel Res2015; 113: 234–246.
37.
LiuCShiSCaiY, et al.Ratcheting behavior of pressurized-bending elbow pipe after thermal aging. Int J Press Vessel Pip2019; 169: 160–169.
38.
ChenXChenHZhaoL. Ratcheting behavior of pressurized corroded straight pipe subjected to cyclic bending. Thin Wall Struct2019; 145: 106410.
39.
SalehiARahmatfamAZehsazM. Ratcheting assessment of corroded elbow pipes subjected to internal pressure and cyclic bending moment. J Strain Anal Eng Des2022; 57: 47–60.
40.
PourariaHSeoJKPaikJK. Numerical study of erosion in critical components of subsea pipeline: tees vs bends. Ships Offshore Struct2017; 12: 233–243.
41.
García-MartínezMValles GonzálezMGonzález MeijeA, et al.Failure analysis of a steel elbow pipe from a gas well. J Fail Anal Prev2020; 20: 723–733.
42.
KimSWChangSJParkDU, et al.Failure criteria of a carbon steel pipe elbow for low-cycle fatigue using the damage index. Thin-Walled Struct2020; 153: 106800.
43.
YangENFuCMDongC, et al.Failure analysis of a leaked oil pipeline. Case Stud Eng Fail Anal2015; 4: 88–93.
44.
FiroozabadESJeonBGChoiHS, et al.Failure criterion for steel pipe elbows under cyclic loading. Eng Fail Anal2016; 66: 515–525.
45.
ASTM E8 / E8M-21: 2021. Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, www.astm.org (Accessed 14 March 2022).
46.
ZamaniPJaamialahmadiADa SilvaLFM. The influence of GNP and nano-silica additives on fatigue life and crack initiation phase of al-GFRP bonded lap joints subjected to four-point bending. Compos B Eng2021; 207: 108589. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108589.
47.
KulkarniSCDesaiYMKantTA, et al.Uniaxial and biaxial ratchetting study of SA333 Gr. 6 steel at room temperature. Int J Press Vessels Pip2003; 80: 179–185.
48.
WenMLiHYuD, et al.Uniaxial ratcheting behavior of Zircaloy-4 tubes at room temperature. Mater Des2013; 46: 426–434.
49.
Abaqus V. 6.6. Documentation, Theory manual, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation.
50.
LemaitreJChabocheJL. Mechanics of solid materials. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
51.
ChenGXuCQuH, et al.Ratcheting behavior of zirconium alloy tubes under combined cyclic axial load and internal pressure at 350° C. J Nucl Mater2017; 491: 138–148.
52.
ZakaviSJShiralivandBNourbakhshM. Evaluation of combined hardening model in ratcheting behavior of pressurized piping elbows subjected to in-plane moments. Journal of Computational & Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering2017; 7: 57–71.
53.
DuttaKRayKK. Ratcheting phenomenon and post-ratcheting tensile behaviour of an aluminum alloy. Mater Sci Eng A2012; 540: 30–37.
54.
BoilerA. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: An International Code: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1998.
