Mechanical power loss of lubricated and bearing surfaces serves as an attractive domain for study and research in the field of internal combustion engines. Friction reduction at lubricated and bearing surface is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce gas emission and improve internal combustion engines’ efficiency. This thus motivates automotive industries and researchers to investigate tribological performance of internal combustion engines. Piston secondary motion has prime importance in internal combustion engines and occurs due to unbalanced forces and moments in a plane normal to the wrist pin axis. Consequently, piston executes small translations and rotations within the defined clearance during the piston reciprocating motion. Mechanical friction power loss and lubrication at piston skirt/liner and radiated engine noise are dramatically affected by piston secondary dynamics. The lubrication mechanism, piston secondary motion and tribological performance are affected by piston design parameters (piston/liner clearance, wrist pin offset, skirt profile, etc.), lubricant rheology, oil transport mechanism and operating conditions. Therefore, this review is devoted to summarize the synthesis of main technical aspects, research efforts, conclusions and challenges that must be highlighted regarding piston skirt/liner lubrication and piston dynamics and slap.
HaubnerFG. Simulation of the piston and piston ring dynamic. SAE technical paper 2001-01-3368, 2001.
2.
DelpreteCRazavykiaA.Piston ring–liner lubrication and tribological performance evaluation: a review. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2018; 232: 193–209.
3.
UngarEERossD.Vibrations and noise due to piston-slap in reciprocating machinery. J Sound Vib1965; 2(2): 132–146.
4.
FieldingBJSkoreckiJ.Identification of mechanical sources of noise in a diesel engine: sound originating from piston slap. P I Mech Eng1969; 184(1): 859–874.
5.
KurbetSNMalagiRR. Review on effects of piston and piston ring dynamics emphasis with oil consumption and frictional losses in internal combustion engines SAE technical paper 2007-24-0059, 2007.
6.
ZhuD.Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). In: WangQJChungY-W (eds) Encyclopedia of tribology. New York: Springer, 2013, pp.874–889.
7.
BishopGLeavittA.Performance simulation of a diesel piston and ring system. SAE technical paper 750768, 1975.
8.
KnollGPeekenH.Hydrodynamic lubrication of piston skirts. J Lubr Technol1982; 104(4): 504–508.
RezekaSFHeneinNA.A new approach to evaluate instantaneous friction and its components in internal combustion engines. SAE technical paper 840179, 1984.
11.
OhtaKIrieYYamamotoKIshikawaH.Piston slap induced noise and vibration of internal combustion engines. SAE technical paper 870990, 1987.
12.
MourelatosZP.Trajectory of a ringless piston within the cylinder of an internal combustion engine with a crosshead design. SAE technical paper 880194, 1988.
13.
CiulliE.A review of internal combustion engine losses part 1: specific studies on the motion of pistons, valves and bearings. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering1992; 206(4): 223–236.
14.
ThringRH.Engine friction modeling. SAE technical paper 920482, 1992.
15.
HaddadSDTjanKT.An analytical study of offset piston and crankshaft designs and the effect of oil film on piston slap excitation in a diesel engine. Mech Mach Theory1995; 30(2): 271–284.
16.
NakadaTYamamotoAAbeT.A numerical approach for piston secondary motion analysis and its application to the piston related noise. SAE technical paper 972043, 1997.
17.
De LucaJCLalorNGergesSN.Piston slap assessment model. SAE technical paper 982942, 1998.
18.
StanleyRTarazaDHeneinNBryzikW. A simplified friction model of the piston ring assembly. SAE technical paper 1999-01-0974, 1999.
19.
NakashimaKYajimaYSuzukiK.Approach to minimization of piston slap force for noise reduction–investigation of piston slap force by numerical simulation. JSAE Rev1999; 20(2): 211–216.
20.
TarazaDHeneinNBryzikW.Friction losses in multi-cylinder diesel engines. SAE technical paper 2000-01-0921, 2000.
21.
GergesSDe LucaJLalorN.The influence of cylinder lubrication on piston slap. J Sound Vib2002; 257(3): 527–557.
22.
ChoSHAhnSTKimYH.A simple model to estimate the impact force induced by piston slap. J Sound Vib2002; 255(2): 229–242.
23.
HoffmanRMSudjiantoADuXStoutJ.Robust piston design and optimization using piston secondary motion analysis. SAE technical paper 2003-01-0148, 2003.
24.
JangSChoJ.Effects of skirt profiles on the piston secondary movements by the lubrication behaviors. Int J Automot Techn2004; 5(1): 23–31.
25.
GengZChenJ.Investigation into piston-slap-induced vibration for engine condition simulation and monitoring. J Sound Vib2005; 282(3): 735–751.
26.
LigierJLRagotP.Piston pin: wear and rotating motion. SAE technical paper 2005-01-1651, 2005.
27.
LivanosGAKyrtatosNP. A model of the friction losses in diesel engines. SAE technical paper 2006-01-0888, 2006.
28.
LivanosGAKyrtatosNP.Friction model of a marine diesel engine piston assembly. Tribol Int2007; 40(10): 1441–1453.
29.
KobayashiTTakahashiYBellDJ. How to predict the piston slap-noise using 3D piston motion simulation. SAE technical paper 2007-01-1245, 2007.
30.
WangPDengZXPanFSZhaoBZhangJL.Modeling and simulation of internal combustion engine piston slap. J Syst Simul2008; 20: 14.
31.
MalagiRRKurbetSNGowrishenkarN. Finite element study on piston assembly dynamics emphasis with lubrication. SAE technical paper 2009-28-0064, 2009.
32.
KellaciAMazouziRKhelidjBBounifA.The effect of lubricant rheology on piston skirt/cylinder contact for an internal combustion engine. J Mech2010; 81(1): 30–36.
33.
ZhouXCaiGChengZZhangZ. A coupling model for dynamic and tribological behaviors of piston system in IC engine. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on intelligent systems and applications, Wuhan, China, 22–23 May 2010, pp.1–5. New York: IEEE.
34.
McFaddenPTurnbullS.Dynamic analysis of piston secondary motion in an internal combustion engine under non-lubricated and fully flooded lubricated conditions. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science2011; 225(11): 2575–2585.
35.
MurakamiHNakanishiNOnoNKawanoT.New three-dimensional piston secondary motion analysis method coupling structure analysis and multi body dynamics analysis. SAE technical paper 2011-32-0559, 2011.
36.
LeiJLShenLZChengDDBiYHChenJM.Effect of piston set structure on piston secondary motion considering thermal deformation. Chinese Int Comb Engine Eng2012; 2: 15.
37.
TanYCRipinZM.Technique of measuring piston secondary motion using laser displacement sensors. Exp Mech2012; 52(9): 1447–1459.
38.
TanYCRipinZM.Analysis of piston secondary motion. J Sound Vib2013; 332(20): 5162–5176.
39.
LittlefairBDeLaCruzMMillsRTheodossiadesSRahnejatHDwyer-JoyceR, et al. Lubrication of a flexible piston skirt conjunction subjected to thermo-elastic deformation: a combined numerical and experimental investigation. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2014; 228(1): 69–81.
40.
LittlefairBDe La CruzMTheodossiadesSMillsRHowell-SmithSRahnejatH, et al. Transient tribo-dynamics of thermo-elastic compliant high-performance piston skirts. Tribol Lett2014; 53(1): 51–70.
41.
RoelandC.Correlation aspect of the viscosity-temperature-pressure relation of lubrication oils. PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 1966.
42.
DowsonDHigginsonG.A numerical solution to the elasto-hydrodynamic problem. J Mech Eng1959; 1(1): 6–15.
43.
ZhuJLHaoZYZhengK.Analysis and optimization design on piston secondary motion of gasoline engine. J Zhejiang Univ: Eng Sci2014; 48(2): 334–341.
44.
KobayashiT. Prediction of piston skirt scuffing via 3D piston motion simulation. SAE technical paper 2016-01-1044, 2016.
45.
KeribarRDursunkayaZGanapathyV.An integrated design analysis methodology to address piston tribological issues. SAE technical paper 930793, 1993.
46.
OhKLiCGoenkaP.Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of piston skirts. J Tribol1987; 109(2): 356–362.
47.
GoenkaPKMeernikPR.Lubrication analysis of piston skirts. SAE technical paper 920490, 1992.
48.
DursunkayaZKeribarRGanapathyV.A model of piston secondary motion and elastohydrodynamic skirt lubrication. J Vib Acoust1994; 116: 777–785.
49.
ParanjpeRS.Development of a math-based piston noise model. SAE technical paper 980564, 1998.
50.
KimuraTTakahashiKSugiyamaS. Development of a piston secondary motion analysis program with elastically deformable piston skirt. SAE technical paper 1999-01-3303, 1999.
51.
PerchanokM. Modeling of piston-cylinder lubrication with a flexible skirt and cylinder wall. SAE technical paper 2000-01-2804, 2000.
52.
OffnerGKrasserJLabackOPriebschHH.Simulation of multi-body dynamics and elastohydrodynamic excitation in engines especially considering piston-liner contact. Proc IMechE, Part K: J Multibody Dynamics2001; 215(2): 93–102.
53.
OffnerGHerbstHMPriebschHH.A methodology to simulate piston secondary movement under lubricated contact conditions. SAE technical paper 2001-01-0565, 2001.
54.
DuyarMBellDPerchanokM.A comprehensive piston skirt lubrication model using a mass conserving EHL algorithm. SAE technical paper 2005-01-1640, 2005.
55.
BalakrishnanSRahnejatH. Isothermal transient analysis of piston skirt-to-cylinder wall contacts under combined axial, lateral and tilting motion. J Phys D: Appl Phys2005; 38(5): 787–799.
56.
SatoKFujiiKItoMKodaS. Application to engine development of friction analysis by piston secondary motion simulation in consideration of cylinder block bore distortion. SAE technical paper 2006-01-0428, 2006.
57.
PatelPMourelatosZPShahP. A comprehensive method for piston secondary dynamics and piston-bore contact. In: Proceedings of the STLE/ASME international joint tribology conference, San Antonio, TX, 23–25 October 2006, pp.555–556. New York: ASME.
MengFMZhangYYHuYZWangH.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of piston skirt considering oil film inertia effect. Tribol Int2007; 40(7): 1089–1099.
60.
MengXXieY.On the elastic fluid dynamic lubrication of liner-piston system with quadratic skirt profiles. Lubr Eng2008; 33(11): 1–4.
61.
ZhangZXieYZhangXMengX.Analysis of piston secondary motion considering the variation in the system inertia. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2009; 223(4): 549–563.
62.
OffnerGLorenzNKnausO.Piston clearance optimization using thermo-elasto hydrodynamic simulation to reduce piston slap excitation and friction loss. SAE technical paper 2012-01-1530, 2012.
63.
AhmedKBenyoucefKRedhaMMouradL.The effect of piston skirt profile on EHD lubrication in an internal combustion engine. Adv Mat Res2013; 787: 704–710.
64.
KeribarRDursunkayaZ.A comprehensive model of piston skirt lubrication. SAE technical paper 920483, 1992.
65.
DursunkayaZKeribarR.Simulation of secondary dynamics of articulated and conventional piston assemblies. SAE technical paper 920484, 1992.
66.
ZhuDChengHSAraiTHamaiK.A numerical analysis for piston skirts in mixed lubrication–part I: basic modeling. J Tribol1992; 114(3): 553–562.
67.
ZhuDHuYZChengHSAraiTHamaiK.A numerical analysis for piston skirts in mixed lubrication: Part II–deformation considerations. J Tribol1993; 115(1): 125–133.
68.
WongVWTianTLangHRyanJPSekiyaYKobayashiY, et al. A numerical model of piston secondary motion and piston slap in partially flooded elastohydrodynamic skirt lubrication. SAE technical paper 940696, 1994.
69.
LiuKYXie GuiC.A comprehensive study of the friction and dynamic motion of the piston assembly. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology1998; 212(3): 221–226.
70.
ChoMROhDYMoonTSHanDC.Theoretical evaluation of the effects of crank offset on the reduction of engine friction. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2003; 217(10): 891–898.
71.
MansouriSWongV. Effects of piston design parameters on piston secondary motion and skirt-liner friction. SAE technical paper 2004-01-2911, 2004.
72.
MansouriSWongV.Effects of piston design parameters on piston secondary motion and skirt-liner friction. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2005; 219(6): 435–449.
73.
RagotPRebbertM. Investigations of crank offset and its influence on piston and piston ring friction behavior based on simulation and testing. SAE technical paper 2007-01-1248, 2007.
74.
McClureFTianT. A simplified piston secondary motion model considering the dynamic and static deformation of piston skirt and cylinder bore in internal combustion engines. SAE technical paper 2008-01-1612, 2008.
75.
MalagiRRKurbetSNKrishnakumarR. A comprehensive model to study the dynamic motion of piston and friction and lubrication in IC engines. SAE technical paper 2008-28-0061, 2008.
76.
MengXXieY.A new numerical analysis for piston skirt–liner system lubrication considering the effects of connecting rod inertia. Tribol Int2012; 47: 235–243.
77.
WuBNingLPMengXHLIJXieYB.Tribological simulation and design of piston skirt r liner system to reduce friction of automotive engines. J Tribol2012; 32(6): 577–583.
78.
PatirNChengH.An average flow model for determining effects of three-dimensional roughness on partial hydrodynamic lubrication. J Lubr Technol1978; 100(1): 12–17.
79.
PatirNChengH.Application of average flow model to lubrication between rough sliding surfaces. J Lubr Technol1979; 101(2): 220–229.
80.
WuCZhengL.An average Reynolds equation for partial film lubrication with a contact factor. J Tribol1989; 111(1): 188–191.
81.
NingLMengXXieY.Effects of lubricant shear thinning on the mixed lubrication of piston skirt-liner system. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science2013; 227(7): 1585–1598.
82.
NingLMengXXieY.Incorporation of deformation in a lubrication analysis for automotive piston skirt–liner system. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2013; 227(6): 654–670.
83.
OffnerG.Friction power loss simulation of internal combustion engines considering mixed lubricated radial slider, axial slider and piston to liner contacts. Tribol T2013; 56(3): 503–515.
84.
GriffithsWJSkoreckiJ. Some aspects of vibration of a single cylinder diesel engine: A. Effects of cooling water on cylinder pressure and surface vibration B. Mechanics of piston slap. J Sound Vib1964; 1(4): 345–364.
85.
RichmondJParkerD.The quantification and reduction of piston slap noise. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering1987; 201(4): 235–244.
86.
KuYGPattersonDJ.Piston and ring friction by the fixed sleeve method. SAE technical paper 880571, 1988.
87.
ItoAHitosugiHFuruhamaS.Measurement of piston-skirt deformation in engine operation by means of rotating cylinder with gap-sensors. SAE technical paper 930717, 1988.
88.
SuiPCArigaS.Piston ring pack friction and lubrication analysis of an automotive engine using a mixed lubrication model. SAE technical paper 931937, 1988.
89.
NakayamaKYasutakeYTakigutiMFuruhamaS.Effect of piston motion on piston skirt friction of a gasoline engine. SAE technical paper 970839, 1997.
90.
TakiguchiMNakayamaKFuruhamaSYoshidaH.Variation of piston ring oil film thickness in an internal combustion engine-comparison between thrust and anti-thrust sides. SAE technical paper 980563, 1998.
91.
NakayamaKTamakiSMikHTakiguchiM. The effect of crankshaft offset on piston friction force in a gasoline engine. SAE technical paper 2000-01-0922, 2000.
92.
KünzelRTunschMWerkmannM. Piston related noise with spark ignition engines–characterization, quantification and mechanisms of excitation. SAE technical paper 2000-01-3311, 2000.
93.
TeraguchiSSuzukiWTakiguchiMSatoD. Effects of lubricating oil supply on reductions of piston slap vibration and piston friction. SAE technical paper 2001-01-0566, 2001.
YeZZhangCWangYChengHSTungSWangQJ, et al. An experimental investigation of piston skirt scuffing: a piston scuffing apparatus, experiments, and scuffing mechanism analyses. Wear2004; 257(1): 8–31.
96.
MuftiRAPriestM.Experimental evaluation of piston-assembly friction under motored and fired conditions in a gasoline engine. J Tribol2005; 127(4): 826–836.
97.
MaddenDKimKTakiguchiM.Part 1: piston friction and noise study of three different piston architectures for an automotive gasoline engine. SAE technical paper 2006-01-0427, 2006.
98.
Dwyer-JoyceRSGreenDABalakrishnanSHarperPLewisRHowell-SmithSJ, et al. The measurement of liner-piston skirt oil film thickness by an ultrasonic means. SAE technical paper 2006-01-0648, 2006.
99.
KimKSGodwardTTakiguchiMAokiS.Part 2: the effects of lubricating oil film thickness distribution on gasoline engine piston friction. SAE technical paper 2007-01-1247, 2007.
100.
ChoDHLeeSALeeYZ.The effects of surface roughness and coatings on the tribological behavior of the surfaces of a piston skirt. Tribol T2009; 53(1): 137–144.
101.
DemasNGErckRAFenskeGR.Tribological evaluation of piston skirt/cylinder liner contact interfaces under boundary lubrication conditions. Lubr Sci2010; 22(3): 73–87.
102.
RahnejatH. Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain: fundamentals, applications and future trends. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010.
103.
MillsRSAvanEYDwyer-JoyceRS.Piezoelectric sensors to monitor lubricant film thickness at piston–cylinder contacts in a fired engine. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2013; 227(2): 100–111.
104.
GoreMTheakerMHowell-SmithSRahnejatHKingPD.Direct measurement of piston friction of internal-combustion engines using the floating-liner principle. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2014; 228(3): 344–354.
