Understanding heat transfer is important for developing high-performance internal combustion engines, but heat transfer mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The objective of this study is to clarify the correlation between flow and heat transfer in an engine. Local instantaneous heat flux and advection speed adjacent to a wall were measured using a resistance-type three-point heat flux sensor to achieve this purpose. Furthermore, local instantaneous Nusselt and Reynolds numbers were calculated based on the measured heat flux and the advection speed using two characteristic lengths: (1) bore diameter and (2) penetration depth. Consequently, it was found that the ensemble-averaged Nusselt numbers varied exponentially as a function of the ensemble-averaged Reynolds numbers in both models, and good correlation equations could be derived. The penetration-depth model reproduced the experimental values more precisely. On the other hand, the Reynolds number index of the bore-diameter model corresponds with the heat transfer on the rear wall of a cylinder installed in a flow. This suggests an analogy between the engine and rear wall of a cylinder. Additionally, the impacts of each heat transfer factor were evaluated. As a result, it was found that a dominant factor until the heat flux peak is the temperature difference between the gas and wall. However, its effect becomes small after the heat flux peak, and it was found that the density and advection speed mainly affect the heat flux decrease.
BormanGNishiwakiK.Internal-combustion engine heat transfer. Prog Energy Combust Sci1987; 13(1): 1–46.
2.
LeFeuvreTMyersPSUyeharaOA.Experimental instantaneous heat fluxes in a diesel engine and their correlation. SAE Technical Paper 690464, 1969.
3.
EnomotoYAokiYEmiMKimuraS.Heat transfer coefficient on the combustion chamber wall surfaces in a naturally aspirated direct-injection diesel engine. Int J Engine Res2014; 15(5): 606–625.
4.
DemuynckJRaesNZulianiMDe PaepeMSierensRVerhelstS.Local heat flux measurements in a hydrogen and methane spark ignition engine with a thermopile sensor. Int J Hydrogen Energy2009; 34(24): 9857–9868.
5.
BroekaertSDe CuyperTDe PaepeMVerhelstS.Evaluation of empirical heat transfer models for HCCI combustion in a CFR engine. Appl Energy2017; 205: 1141–1150.
6.
DaoKUyeharaOAMyersPS.Heat transfer rates at gas-wall interfaces in motored piston engine. SAE Technical Paper 730632, 1973.
7.
BoggsDBormanG.Calculation of heat flux integral length scales from spatially-resolved surface temperature measurements in an engine. SAE Technical Paper 910721, 1991.
8.
ShimuraMYoshidaSOsawaK, et al
. Micro particle image velocimetry investigation of near-wall behaviors of tumble enhanced flow in an internal combustion engine. Int J Engine Res2019; 20(7): 718–725.
9.
RenaudADingC-PJakirlicSDreizlerABöhmB.Experimental characterization of the velocity boundary layer in a motored IC engine. Int J Heat Fluid Flow2018; 71: 366–377.
10.
LuchtRPDunn-RankinDWalterTDreierTBoppSC.Heat transfer in engines: comparison of cars thermal boundary layer measurements and heat flux measurements. SAE Technical Paper 910722, 1991.
11.
OjoAOEscofet-MartinDCollinsJFalconettiGPetersonB.Experimental investigation of thermal boundary layers and associated heat loss for transient engine-relevant processes using HRCARS and phosphor thermometry. Combust Flame2021; 233: 111567.
12.
SchmittMFrouzakisCEWrightYMTomboulidesAGBoulouchosK.Direct numerical simulation of the compression stroke under engine-relevant conditions: evolution of the velocity and thermal boundary layers. Int J Heat Mass Transf2015; 91: 948–960.
13.
SchmittMFrouzakisCEWrightYMTomboulidesABoulouchosK.Direct numerical simulation of the compression stroke under engine relevant conditions: Local wall heat flux distribution. Int J Heat Mass Transf2016; 92: 718–731.
14.
DejimaKNakabeppuONakamuraYTsuchiyaTNagasakaK.Three-point MEMS heat flux sensor for turbulent heat transfer measurement in internal combustion engines. Int J Engine Res2019; 20(7): 696–705.
15.
DejimaKNakabeppuO.Attempt of estimating flow characteristics from wall heat fluxes measured using a three-point micro-electro-mechanical systems sensor. Int J Engine Res2021; 22(6): 1974–1984.
16.
NakabeppuODejimaK. Turbulent properties in IC engine derived from wall heat flux measured with a three point thin film sensor. In Proceedings of the 16th international heat transfer conference, Beijing, China, 10-15 August2018, paper no. IHTC16-23077. pp.8850-8857. Begell House.
17.
DejimaKNakabeppuO.Local instantaneous heat flux measurements in an internal combustion engine using a MEMS sensor. Appl Therm Eng2022; 201(A): 117747.
18.
TsuboiSMiyokawaSMatsudaMYokomoriTIidaN. Influence of spark discharge characteristics on ignition and combustion process and the lean operation limit in a spark ignition engine. Appl Energy2019; 250: 617–632.
19.
JungDSasakiKSugataKMatsudaMYokomoriTIidaN. Combined effects of spark discharge pattern and tumble level on cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion at lean limits of SI engine operation. SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0677, 2017.
20.
De CuyperTDemuynckJBroekaertSDe PaepeMVerhelstS. Heat transfer in premixed spark ignition engines part II: systematic analysis of the heat transfer phenomena. Energy2016; 116(1): 851–860.
21.
FanXCheZWangTLuZ.Numerical investigation of boundary layer flow and wall heat transfer in a gasoline direct-injection engine. Int J Heat Mass Transf2018; 120: 1189–1199.
22.
AnnandWJD. Heat transfer in the cylinders of reciprocating internal combustion engines. Proc IMechE1963; 177(1): 973–996.
23.
WoschniG.A universally applicable equation for the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient in the internal combustion engine. SAE Technical Paper 670931, 1967.
24.
Lyford-PikeEJHeywoodJB.Thermal boundary layer thickness in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine. Int J Heat Mass Transf1984; 27(10): 1873–1878.
25.
DejimaKNakabeppuOMoussouJPillaG.Application of a MEMS heat flux sensor to heat transfer research on an impinging diesel jet. Int J Engine Res2022; 23(3): 497–511.
26.
SchmidtMDingCPPetersonBDreizlerABöhmB.Near-Wall Flame and flow measurements in an optically accessible SI engine. Flow Turbul Combust2021; 106: 597–611.
27.
OkutaniRYokomoriTMatsudaM, et al
. Influence of tumble and unsteady effects on near-wall heat transfer phenomena in SI engine. In Proceedings of 2017 JSAE Congress (Autumn) (in Japanese), Osaka, Japan, 11-13 October2017, paper no. 20176214. Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan.
28.
YokomoriTMatsudaMIidaNUrataYYokooNNakataK.Research on super lean burn concept for gasoline engines with high thermal efficiency. In Proceedings of 2016 JSAE Congress (Spring) (in Japanese), Yokohama, Japan, 25-27 May2016, paper no. 20165267. Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan.
29.
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers ed. JSME data book: Heat transfer (in Japanese). 5th ed.Tokyo: Maruzen Publishing Co., Ltd, 2013. pp.46–47.
30.
KaysWMCrawfordME.Convective heat and mass transfer. 2nd ed.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1980. p.243.
31.
IgarashiTHirataMNishiwakiN.Heat transfer in separated flow (Part 1). Trans JSME1973; 39(322): 1881–1889.
32.
IgarashiTHirataM.Heat transfer in separated flow (Part 2). Trans JSME1973; 39(322): 1890–1899.
33.
SoginHH.Heat transfer from the rear of bluff objects to a low speed air stream. ARL1932; 62(361): 1–28.
34.
BatchelorGK.An introduction to fluid dynamics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000. pp.255–263.
35.
AlkidasACColeRM.Transient heat flux measurements in a divided-chamber diesel engine. J Heat Transf1985; 107(2): 439–444.
36.
De CuyperTBroekaertSChanaKDe PaepeMVerhelstS. Evaluation of empirical heat transfer models using TFG heat flux sensors. Appl Therm Eng2017; 118: 561–569.
37.
KattoY.Introduction to heat transfer. Tokyo: Yokendo, 1979. pp.71–72.
