Axis-symmetric diesel spray flame model coupled with momentum flux distribution measurement and improved soot phi-T map

Abstract

An axis-symmetrical diesel spray flame model coupled with momentum flux distribution measurement was developed as a tool for nozzle orifice development. Momentum flux distributions at several distances from the nozzle orifice exit are measured by a force sensor with a small-diameter aperture which traverses a cross-section. A theoretical momentum flux profile is determined by fitting with the measured momentum flux profile at the cross-section. The spray velocity profile and equivalence ratio profiles are quantified from the theoretical momentum flux profile. By interpolating the profiles of the measured cross-sections, the axis-symmetrical diesel spray flame model can calculate the equivalence ratio and other physical values as a function of the distance from the nozzle exit (x) and the radius from the spray axis (r). The equivalence ratio distribution in a cross-section involving the spray axis is converted into soot formation and oxidation distribution by coupling with the improved soot ϕ -T map. The conventional soot-NOx ϕ -T map did not show the borderline between the soot formation and oxidation. To quantify the residence time of the fuel element during soot formation, the narrow soot peninsula was expanded up to its maximum by replacing the soot yield with the soot particle diameter. Instead of contour lines for the of NO mole fraction, contour lines for the OH mole fraction were implemented to reveal the border between soot formation and soot oxidation on the ϕ -T map. The borderline appears clearly, consisting of a horizontal line in the lower-temperature region and a rising line in the higher-temperature region. The converted soot formation and oxidation regions in the axis-symmetric spray flame model exhibit a strong correlation with the measured soot distributions in a quasi-steady diesel spray flame. The shear-stress, which induces turbulence affecting soot formation/oxidation, is also quantified from the velocity distribution.

Keywords

Diesel spray diesel spray flame model momentum flux soot shear stress

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Arai

. Diesel spray and its combustion. Atomization 2013; 22(77): 189–202.

Siebers

Higgins

. Flame lift-off on direct-injection diesel sprays under quiescent conditions. SAE Trans 2001; 110(3): 400–421.

Dec

. A conceptual model of Dl diesel combustion based on laser-sheet imaging. SAE Trans 1997; 106(3): 1319–1348.

Aronsson

Chartier

Andersson

, et al. Analysis of EGR effects on the soot distribution in a heavy duty diesel engine using time-resolved laser induced incandescence. SAE Int J Engines 2010; 3(2): 137–155.

Postrioti

Battistoni

. Evaluation of diesel spray momentum flux in transient flow conditions. SAE technical paper 2010-01-2244, 2010.

Postrioti

Battistoni

Ungaro

Mariani

. Analysis of diesel spray momentum flux spatial distribution. SAE Int J Engines 2011; 4(1): 720–736.

Dober

Guerrassi

Garsi

Leonard

. Investigations of diesel spray structure using spray momentum measurements and link to injector performance. In: 2nd Conference on engine processes, Berlin, 2015.

Tomomatsu

Toda

Ikemoto

. Using the diesel spray momentum measurement to analyze the wall impinging spray behavior. Atomization 2017; 26(89): 77–83.

Akihama

Takatori

Inagaki

Sasaki

Dean

. Mechanism of the smokeless rich diesel combustion by reducing temperature. SAE Trans 2001; 110(3): 648–662.

10.

Fuyuto

. Borderline between Soot Formation and Soot Oxidation on phi-T Map. In: Proceedings of the 32nd symposium on internal combustion engines, Ota-city, Japan, 2021.

11.

Kitamura

Ito

Senda

Fujimoto

. Mechanism of smokeless diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels based on the dependence of the equivalence ration and temperature on soot particle formation. Int J Engine Res 2002; 3(4): 223–248.

12.

Kook

Bae

Miles

Choi

Pickett

. The influence of charge dilution and injection timing on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions. SAE Trans 2005; 114(4): 1575–1595.

13.

Murata

Kusaka

Daisho

, et al. Miller-PCCI combustion in an HSDI diesel engine with VVT. SAE Int J Engines 2008; 1(1): 444–456.

14.

Shimo

. Research on improvement of diesel combustion by controlling distributions of mixture concentration/temperature and ignition/heat release rate. Doctoral Thesis, 2013, Hiroshima University, Japan.

15.

Akihama

. A point of contact between a ϕ-T map and engine combustion concepts. J Combust Soc Japan 2014; 56(178): 291–297.

16.

Adachi

Kodama

Nakayama

Kusaka

Daisho

. Influences of high pressure fuel injection on particle formation process in diesel spray flame. JSAE Trans 2014; 45(4): 663–669.

17.

Inaba

Ojima

Kobashi

Shibata

Ogawa

. Twin shaped semi-premixed diesel combustion with a combustion chamber dividing the fuel sprays (1^st Report) – CFD analysis on fuel spray distribution. JSAE Trans 2018; 49(2): 205–210.

18.

Fuyuto

Mandokoro

Hattori

Mashida

. Suppression of soot formation in quasi-steady diesel spray flame produced by high-pressure fuel injection with multi-orifice nozzle. SAE technical paper 2019-01-2270, 2019.

19.

Cenker

Bruneaux

Pickett

Schulz

. Study of Soot formation and oxidation in the engine combustion network (ECN), spray A: effects of ambient temperature and oxygen concentration. SAE Int J Engines 2013; 6(1): 352–365.

20.

Kamimoto

Bae

. High combustion temperature for the reduction of particulate in diesel engines. SAE Trans 1988; 97(6): 692–701.

21.

Wakuri

Fujii

Amitani

Tsuneya

. Studies on the penetration of fuel spray in a diesel engine. Bull JSME 1960; 3(9): 123–130.

22.

Fuyuto

Hattori

Yamashita

Toda

Mashida

. Set-off length reduction by backward flow of hot burned gas surrounding high-pressure diesel spray flame from multi-hole nozzle. Int J Engine Res 2016; 18(3): 173–194.

23.

Sasaki

. Smoke-less rich combustion by low temperature oxidation in diesel engines. In: 9th Aachen Colloquium, 2000.

24.

Abramovich

. Chapter 5: Jet of an incompressible fluid in a coflowing stream, the theory of Turbulent Jets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1963.

25.

Musculus

MPB

Kattke

. Entrainment waves in diesel jets. SAE Int J Engines 2009; 2(1): 1170–1193.

26.

Akihisa

Okamoto

Matsumoto

, et al. Development of phenomenological model with model based calibration method. JSAE Trans 2014; 45(4): 627–632.

27.

Pastor

López

García

Pastor

. A 1D model for the description of mixing-controlled inert diesel sprays. Fuel 2008; 87(13–14): 2871–2885.

28.

Fuyuto

Akihama

Fujikawa

Nakakita

. Diesel in-cylinder measurement technique using a multi-direction optically accessible engine. J Environ Eng 2010; 5(1): 72–83.

29.

Yokota

Oto

Otsuka

Ikoma

Kitadani

. The New 3.3-Liter V-type 6-cylinder Diesel Engine Development. Proceedings of the JSAE Congress (Autumn). 2021. Online.

30.

Kim

Okada

Matsuo

Tadokoro

Kanzaki

Shimo

. A new concept for high efficiency and clean diesel combustion by controlling mixture distribution with dual zone combustion chamber. In: Proceedings of COMODIA 2022, Sapporo, 2022.

31.

Fuyuto

Taki

Ueda

Hattori

Kuzuyama

Umehara

. Noise and emissions reduction by second injection in diesel PCCI combustion with split injection. SAE Int J Engines 2014; 7(4): 1900–1910.

32.

Fuyuto

Taki

. Noise-canceling spike between pilot and main-pressure-rise peaks of multiple-injection diesel combustion. Int J Engine Res 2019; 20(7): 788–804.