This study introduces IntakeSQ, a novel Sound Quality (SQ) metric for predicting intake noise perception during the early design phase. Utilizing 1D simulation and experimental measurements, various resonator configurations were implemented and evaluated. Subjective tests were conducted with a jury of 50 individuals, and a final Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model was developed using a minimal set of independent metrics: Speech Interference Level (SIL), Sharpness (Sd), and Tonality (T). The model achieved high predictive accuracy with a total coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.922 and an Adjusted R2 of 0.888. To ensure robustness, the metric was rigorously verified through Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV), yielding a LOOCV R2 of 0.836 and a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.160. Furthermore, the model was successfully validated across 12 different vehicles, confirming its generalizability. By enabling perception prediction directly from engine compartment data, this standalone assessment tool bypasses the need for late-stage full-vehicle prototypes and complex transfer function modeling, allowing for effective intake system optimization at the component level.
EiseleGKauthMSteffensC, et al. Automotive megatrends and their impact on NVH. In: Proceedings of the 19. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium, 2019, pp.553–569. Springer.
3.
NymanB. Study of sound patterns and sound perception in electrified trucks. Licentiate thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2024.
4.
GuoRTangWBZhuWW. Acoustic performance and flow analysis of a multi-chamber perforated resonator for the intake system of a turbocharged engine. Proc Inst Mech Eng D J Automobile Eng2017; 231(1): 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407016633563
5.
PatelMSenPKSahuG. A review on noise sources and methods of reduction of noise in diesel engines. Int J Eng Sci Res Technol2015; 4(10): 601–607.
PástorKBadidaMDzuroT, et al. Diagnostics of sound quality in the interior of a hybrid car using psychoacoustic measurements. Bull Eng2023; 16(4): 75–78.
8.
GenuitK. The sound quality of vehicle interior noise: A challenge for the NVH-engineers. Int J Veh Noise Vib2004; 1(1/2): 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVNV.2004.004079
9.
SuCLiuDZhaoH, et al. Correlation of the sound quality and vibration of end of line testing for automatic transmission. Meas Control2024; 57: 1405–1416. https://doi.org/10.1177/00202940241241217
10.
SianoDTeodosioLDe BellisV, et al. Analysis and design of an intake filter box for a downsized VVA engine. SAE technical paper, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1693
GenuitKFiebigA. Sound design of electric vehicles–Challenges and risks. In: INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, 2014, pp.3492–3501. Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
13.
European Computer Manufacturers Association. CMA-418-2: Psychoacoustic metrics for ITT equipment — Part 2 (methods for describing human perception based on the sottek hearing model). 3rd ed.European Computer Manufacturers Association, 2024.
OzkanAYildizMYildizA. Development of a new sound quality parameter for road noise perception inside vehicle cabinet. Appl Sci2024; 14(22): 10473. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210473
LiuZXieLHuangT, et al. The objective quantification of door closing sound quality based on multidimensional subjective perception attributes. Appl Acoust2022; 192: 108748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2022.108748
18.
YildizMÖzkanAYildizA. Development of sound quality indices for vehicle acoustic comfort based on the correlation between customer perception and objective NVH measurements. Int J Engine Res2026; 27(3): 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874251377143
19.
GuoRTangWBZhuWW. Comparison of 1D transfer matrix method and finite element method with tests for acoustic performance of multi-chamber perforated resonator. Appl Acoust2016; 112: 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.05.018
20.
VaidyaPHujareH. Optimization of sound pressure level of air intake system by using GT-Power. Int J Emerg Sci Eng2014; 2: 9–11.
21.
BozzaFGimelliAPianeseV, et al. An acoustic design procedure for intake systems: 1D analysis and experimental validation. SAE technical paper2004. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0412
ŞahinCSümerOÖzkanA. İçten yanmalı motor hava emiş sisteminde farklı rezonatör tiplerinin ses oluşumuna etkilerinin incelenmesi. Otekon, 2024 (In Turkish).
24.
HanriotSDMQueirozJMMaiaCB. Effects of variable-volume helmholtz resonator on air mass flow rate of intake manifold. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng2019; 41(2): 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1566-5
25.
MeriçCErolHÖzkanA. Design and application of a compact helical air intake system resonator for broadband noise control. Appl Acoust2018; 131: 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.10.022
26.
ChanaudRC. Effects of geometry on the resonance frequency of Helmholtz resonators. J Sound Vib1994; 178(3): 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1994.1490
SachedinaKLatoTMohanyA, et al. Effect of incident acoustic pressure amplitude on the transmission loss of helmholtz resonators. Vibrations2020; 3(1): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration3010004
29.
Siqueira MazzaroRde Morais HanriotSJorge AmorimR, et al. Numerical analysis of the air flow in internal combustion engine intake ducts using Herschel-Quincke tubes. Appl Acoust2020; 165: 107310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2020.107310
SianoDAielloRD’AgostinoD. Transmission loss assessment and optimization of an intake system for automotive application. Int J Math Comput Simul2016; 10: 82–89.
32.
SAE International. SAE J1060: Subjective rating scale for evaluation of noise and ride comfort characteristics related to motor vehicle tires. SAE Standard, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4271/J1060_201405
33.
von GoslerJ. NVH benchmarking during vehicle development using sound quality metrics. Master’s dissertation. Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 2007.
