A study on the polymorphisms of the renin–angiotensin system pathway genes for their effect on blood pressure levels in males from Algeria

Abstract

Introduction

Several studies have assessed the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and polymorphisms within the genes encoding angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). However, considering the relatively large discrepancy in frequency and impact of these variants between ethnic groups and populations, still unavailable data from Algerian population are needed.

Objective

Our purpose is to evaluate the association between the AGT M235T, AT1R +1166A/C and ACE I/D polymorphisms and variations in systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) values.

Methods

The associations with BP were assessed in a representative sample of 115 male subjects free of coronary heart disease (CHD). The AGT M235T, AT1R +1166A/C and ACE I/D polymorphisms were determined by PCR-ASO and PCR-RFLP analysis, respectively.

Results

We showed no associations between the AGT M235T, AT1R +1166A/C nor the ACE I/D polymorphisms with variations in BP values. However, concerning the ACE I/D polymorphism, subjects carrying the ACE I allele tended to have higher SBP (+4.1 mmHg) and PP values (+3.2 mmHg) than DD subjects (adjusted p = 0.087 and p = 0.102, respectively).

Conclusion

The ACE I/D polymorphism needs further investigation in a larger Algerian study, especially concerning its putative impact on SBP and PP.

Keywords

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme angiotensinogen polymorphisms genetic epidemiology Algerian population

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Projet INCO-MED-TAHINA (Transition Health Impact In North Africa). Synthèse enquête mortalité, www.mpl.ird.fr/tahina/home/doc/Synthese-mortalite-finalpdf1.pdf (2005, accessed 10 July 2012).

Seeman

Mendes

Leon

Berkman

. Risk factors for coronary heart disease among older men and women: A prospective study of community-dwelling elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 1037–1049.

Sealey

James

Laragh

JH.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for normal regulation of blood pressure and sodium and potasium homeostasis. In: Laragh

Brenner

(eds) Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management, vol 2. New York, NY, USA: Raven Press, 1995, pp.1763–1796.

Dzau

VJ.

Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 937–942.

Urata

Nishimura

Ganten

Chymase-dependent angiotensin II forming system in humans. Am J hypertens 1996; 9: 277–284.

Azizi

Guyene

Chatellier

. Additive effects of losartan and enalapril on blood pressure and plasma active renin. Hypertension 1997; 29: 634–640.

Pfeffer

Braunwald

Moyé

. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669–677.

Lewis

Hunsicker

Bain

. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 330: 152.

Staessen

Kuznetsova

Wang

. M235T angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and cardiovascular renal risk. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 9–17.

10.

Staessen

Wang

Ginocchio

. The deletion/insertion polymorphism of the converting enzyme and cardiovascular-renal risk. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 1579–1592.

11.

Médiène-Benchekor

Brousseau

Richard

. Blood lipid concentrations and risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 2001; 358: 1064–1065.

12.

Parra

Arveiler

Evans

. A case-control study of lipoprotein particles in two populations at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1992; 12: 701–707.

13.

Lindpaintner

Pfeffer

Kreutz

. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 706–711.

14.

Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice: Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1434–1503.

15.

Wang

Steassen

JA.

Genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system: Relevance for susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 410: 289–302.

16.

Gardemann

Nguyen

Humme

. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphism. Absence of an association with the risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction and of a synergistic effect with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism on the risk of these diseases. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1657–1665.

17.

Hindorff

Heckbert

Tracy

. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphisms in the cardiovascular health study: Relation to blood pressure, ethnicity, and cardiovascular events. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 1050–1056.

18.

Aoki

Mukae

Itoh

. Genetic background in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J 2001; 42: 15–28.

19.

Bayoumi

Simsek

Yahya

. Insertion-deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene among Sudanese, Somalis, Emiratis, and Omanis. Hum Biol 2006; 78: 103–108.

20.

Salem

Batzer

MA.

High frequency of the D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in Arabic populations. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2: 1–5.

21.

Mahjoub

Mehri

Bousaada

. Association of ACE I/D polymorphism in Tunisian patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 11: 187–191.

22.

Bautista

Vargas

Oróstegui

. Population-based case-control study of renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphisms and hypertension among Hispanics. Hypertens Res 2008; 31: 401–408.

23.

Takami

Katsuya

Rakugi

. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with increase of left ventricular mass but not with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 316–321.

24.

Kato

Sugiyama

Morita

. Angiotensinogen gene and essential hypertension in the Japanese: Extensive association study and meta-analysis on six reported studies. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 757–763.

25.

Krizanová

Obdrzálková

Poláková

. Molecular variants of the renin-angiotensin system components in the Slovak population. Physiol Res 1997; 46: 357–361.

26.

Kunz

Kreutz

Beige

. Association between the angiotensinogen 235T-variant and essential hypertension in whites: A systematic review and methodological appraisal. Hypertension 1997; 30: 1331–1337.

27.

Agachan

Isbir

Yilmaz

. Angiotensin converting enzyme I/D, angiotensinogen T174M-M235T and angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C gene polymorphisms in Turkish hypertensive patients. Exp Mol Med 2003; 35: 545–549.

28.

van den Born

van Montfrans

Uitterlinden

. The M235T polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene is associated with the risk of malignant hypertension in white patients. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2227–2233.

29.

Mondry

Loh

Liu

Polymorphisms of the insertion/deletion ACE and M235T AGT genes and hypertension: Surprising new findings and meta-analysis of data. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6: 1–11.

30.

Zhang

Erdmann

Regitz-Zagrosek

. Evaluation of three polymorphisms in the promoter region of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 267–272.

31.

Wang

Zee

Morris

. Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with essential hypertension. Clin Genet 1997; 51: 31–34.

32.

Barbeau

Kulharya

Harshfield

. Association between angiotensin II type I receptor polymorphism and resting hemodynamics in black and white youth. Ethn Dis 2002; 12: S1–68–71.

33.

Henskens

Spiering

Stoffers

. Effects of ACE I/D and AT1R-A1166C polymorphisms on blood pressure in a healthy normotensive primary care population: First results of the Hippocates study. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 81–86.

34.

Reich

Duncan

Weinstein

. Interactions between gender and the angiotensin type 1 receptor gene polymorphism. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1443–1449.

35.

Frossard

Hill

Elshahat

. Associations of angiotensinogen gene mutations with hypertension and myocardial infarction in a gulf population. Clin Genet 1998; 54: 285–293.

36.

Poch

Sierra

González-Núñez

. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and essential hypertension [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 118: 575–579.

37.

Nápoles

Castellanos

Leal

. A polymorphism study in a Cuban hypertensive population. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378: 112–116.

38.

Sagnella

Rothwell

Onipinla

. A population study of ethnic variations in the angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism: Relationships with gender, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 657–664.

39.

Morshed

Khan

Akhteruzzaman

Association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and hypertension in selected individuals of the Bangladeshi population. J Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 33: 251–254.