Experimental study on the effect of functional core stability training in special police fighting

Abstract

Functional core stability training has been widely applied in various fields and has shown positive results. In order to study its application methods and effects in police physical training, we developed a mathematical model according to the characteristics of fighting of SWAT, and methods are designed to be more in line with the action form of the fighting of SWAT. Except for the traditional strength exercise, this research adds another 12 weeks of core stability exercise, and then conducted a study on seven indicators that reflect the strength of fighting with hands before and after this 12 weeks of exercise, using these mathematical data to construct a mode. The mathematical model features of the core stability training for special police combat are shown as follows: the effect of exercise in the experimental group is significantly better than the control group. However, the core stability exercise has a different degree of impact on those indicators that reflect the strength of fighting with hands.

Keywords

mathematical modeling strength core stability training

Introduction

In 1997, Gray first proposed the concept of functional training and stated that functional training should focus on the human body’s dynamic chain 1. Further develop reasonable strength training that adapts to individual development. Gambetta pointed out that functional training includes a variety of proprioceptive training methods that can regulate instability, overcome gravity, action, and reaction forces.² Functional training is an ability that focuses on improving the stability of the human body and maintaining a stable center of gravity (Gambetta V).³ Functional training can enhance the adjustment and adaptation of team members to reactive forces, and is a training method mainly based on multi-joint participation and multi-dimensional development.⁴ Voigt and Raab believe that functional fitness training is a training method that is tailored to the characteristics of human motor function and specialized sports.⁵ Physical therapists typically use functional training methods to treat patients with motor dysfunction.⁶ Based on relevant evaluations of each patient, doctors set training tasks and develop intervention measures.⁷ Specific core strengthening exercises could improve the FMS test scores in adult tennis players.⁸ In the field of combat training, there is also a high demand for functional training. It emphasizes the core overall quality of athletes.⁹ Hand-to-hand combat or wrestling requires enhanced training.¹⁰ Hand-to-hand combat training is an important part of public security special police training.¹¹ When confronting criminal suspects on duty, law enforcement officers on the front line of public security police are constantly changing their body positions in a tense circumstance, and constantly engage in straight-line shifts and curve-change displacement confrontations.¹² SWAT members often need to conduct offensive and defensive confrontations and implement arrest control according to the actual situation of the law enforcement scene, which requires the SWAT members to maintain good control ability of body center of gravity and dynamic stability. Although related and similar studies have shown that core stability training has a significant impact on specific physical fitness and core strength of fighters,¹³ the experimental test indicators, experimental control, experimental program, and core stability training content and method design are different after all. This study summarizes and analyzes core stability training-related theories from the perspectives of sports anthropology, sports physiology, sports training, and constructs content and methods suitable for special core stability training of public security special police fighting, and explores its effects through experimental intervention. Therefore, the special strength of special police fighting is influenced.

Research objects and research methods

Subject

Out of strict experimental control considerations, this study took 40 students from two fighting special classes in Tianjin Institute of Physical Education as the research object, and selected 20 eligible students from them to be divided into the control group and the experimental group. Statistical analysis of age, training years, exercise level, weight, height and other data showed no significant difference (see Table 1) (p > 0.05).

Table 1.

Comparison of the basic situation of the experimental group and the control group.

Basic situation	Test group (n = 10)	Control group (n = 10)
Age	19.7 ± 0.48	19.7 ± 0.67
Training years	3.5 ± 0.70	3.6 ± 0.96
Sport level	2	1.9 ± 0.31
Weight (kg)	70 ± 3.33	71.5 ± 5.79
Height (cm)	175.9 ± 4.06	175.1 ± 3.75

Experimental control

There were no significant differences between the two groups of subjects in the test index before the experiment, and the teaching experiments were conducted by the same teacher in the same time period and under the same conditions. During the experiment, the two groups of teaching plans and content are both the same except for the core stability training intervention part; all the subjects maintained their usual eating habits. Each index test was conducted by professionals, and the same person administered the test before and after the experiment. The personnel conduct preparatory activities, explain the action of the test indicators and debug the instrument to ensure that the measurement error is reduced to a minimum.

Experimental test equipment

The index test utilizes the BJ-1 type multi-function tester for combat sports. This system is designed to evaluate the training effects of boxing, Sanda and other fighting events. The test mode used is the attack/frequency hit mode, in which data such as the total sum of attack, power average, and a number of blows, and hit speed can be tested. In the index test of this experiment, the athletes are required to make full blows in a unit of time, with as many blows as possible, and the strength of the blows as large as possible. This requires the athletes to quickly switch footwork in a unit of time and perform powerful blows at the same time.

Analysis of test indicators.

Analysis of evaluation indicators of core stability

The experimental group takes core stability training as the main content. The evaluation and control of core stability before and after the experiment is the key to the beginning of training. This study uses two commonly used indicators for evaluating core stability in sports teams, namely, flexion and extension stability. Performance (8-level abdominal bridge test) and rotational stability evaluation index.

Analysis of evaluation indexes of special forces

Based on the principles of scientificity, operability, relative completeness, and simplicity in the selection of indicators,¹⁴ a total of seven indicators that reflect the specific strength of fighting are selected. Theoretically, it is predicted that the higher the requirement for coordination, balance and stability, the more obvious the effect of core stability training will be reflected. The indicators selected for the experiment are specifically targeted toward the theoretical core stability training for special force support for special police fighting. Designed layer by layer for different functions. Specific indicators include (1) (step forward) the power of the back hand punch; (2) (step forward) the power of the back whip leg; (3) (instant step forward) the final speed of the back hand punch; (4) (instant step forward) the final speed of the back whip leg; (5) continuous back hand punch punching force within 12 seconds; (6) continuous punch and leg combined hitting force within 12 seconds; and (7) continuous punching and leg combined hitting force within 30 seconds. The test purpose and requirements are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

Experimental index test purpose and requirements.

Experimental indicators	Purpose	Requirements (the first four indicators are measured twice and averaged)
(1) (Step forward) the power of the back punch	To reflect the maximum striking power of the back hand punch	The tester stepped forward and punched with his back hand to strike with maximum force
(2) (Step forward) the power of the back whip leg	Reflects the maximum striking power of the whip leg	The tester stepped forward and used the rear whip leg to strike with maximum force
(3) (Instantstep forward) the final speed of the back hand punch	Reflects the hitting speed of the back hand punch under the sudden start condition	The tester immediately took a step forward after hearing the command and used the back hand punch to strike at the final speed with maximum force
(Instant up step) the final speed of the back whip leg	Reflect the speed of whip kick under sudden start condition	After hearing the command, the tester immediately took one step forward and used the rear whip leg to hit the final speed with maximum force
Strike strength of continuous back hand punching in 12 seconds	Reflect continuous hitting ability and highlight strength endurance	The tester continuously used the back hand to punch with maximum force within 12 seconds
Strike strength of continuous combination of punches and legs in 12 seconds	Reflect the continuous hitting ability of the combination, highlight the speed endurance, balance and coordination	The tester continuously used the back hand punch + side kick for 12 seconds to strike with maximum force
Strike strength of continuous combination of punches and legs in 30 seconds	Reflect the continuous hitting ability of the combination, highlight the strength endurance, balance and coordination	The tester continuously used the back swing fist + back whip leg for 30 seconds to strike with maximum force

Experimental training program

According to the basic principle of increasing core stability training from easy to difficult,¹⁵ the experiment is divided into three phases: the basic phase of core stability training, the consolidation phase of core stability training and the improvement phase of core stability training. This division is conducive to optimizing training effects and controlling the load. The first and second phases of the experiment emphasized the exercises of small muscle groups and the neuro-muscular system. The practitioners are required to be highly concentrated. Exercises that emphasize the balance and stability of the body with a relatively small load do not require high contraction strength of large muscle groups. Therefore, after the expert interview method, it is more appropriate to arrange this stage at the preparation time for the training class. It is used as a body balance and stability exercise in the preparation activity. At the same time, it can have a good warm-up effect. The time is 10 minutes. The training is conducted 4 times a week for 8 weeks. The control group practiced according to the usual preparation activities at this stage. The time and intensity of the preparation activities of the two groups were basically the same, and the preparation time was about 20 minutes in total.

A major topic of interest in sports events is the development of effective training methods to improve the performance of athletes.¹⁶ The third stage of the experiment is the core stability training improvement stage. This stage emphasizes the combination of strength and balance exercises, which is to do strength exercises at the maximum speed as much as possible while maintaining the body’s stability. The central stability exercises are common elements of physical conditioning, training, and sports medicine programs.¹⁷ The requirements for contraction strength of large muscle groups are relatively high, and the load intensity is relatively large. Therefore, the training arrangement should be separated from the first and second stages. It is not suitable for the preparation part, but should be arranged in the basic part of the general strength exercise time. In order to ensure that the training load of the experimental group and the control group at this stage is relatively consistent, the exercises at this stage are arranged during the general strength training time of the training class. When doing traditional waist and abdomen strength training, the control group followed the usual method, while the experimental group added core stability training to the traditional waist and abdomen strength training, combining core stability training with traditional waist and abdomen strength training, more detailed and specific core training programs should be designed to improve the sport-specific performance of athletes.¹⁸ Training once a week for 6 weeks and with 30 minutes every time, the two groups are basically the same in training time, intensity, and movement form. Except for the intervention of the core stability training content in the experimental group, the training content of all other professional courses in the experimental group and the control group are exactly the same, including the arrangement of specific training content and load arrangement of the special class (see Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The arrangement of specific training.

Construction of core stability training content in each stage of special police fighting

In this experiment, core stability training emphasizes the balance and stability of athletes, muscle coordination, and does not require high athletes’ explosive power.¹⁹ Under the basic principles of core stability training, the experimental training content is divided into three stages, with difficulty of the training load gradually increasing. Under the principle of core stability training, according to the characteristics of special police fighting techniques, the core stability training is combined with special police fighting actions. Expert consultation is also utilized to finalize the training program.

Core stability training adaptation phase: the adaptation phase before training on the Swiss ball (see Table 3).

Table 3.

Specific content of the adaptation stage of the core stability training for fighting special.

Training purpose	Training content (R)
The adaptive practice on the Swiss ball improves the subjects’ sense of the Swiss ball, enhances balance, and avoids injuries during training on the Swiss ball	R1-balance exercise sitting on the ball R2-Balance exercises lying on the ball R3-Alternate practice of hands and feet lying prone on the ball R4-Balance exercise with knees on the ball R5-Balance exercise with feet standing on the ball

The first stage: The basic stage of core stability training

This stage focuses on core stability training, which primarily consists of static exercises. The movement is maintained from the posture under stable conditions to the posture under unstable conditions.²⁰ The difficulty of the exercises can be increased by reducing the support point, changing the action angle, increasing the unstable environment, controlling the load intensity by the length of the duration, and changing the action form. The duration is from 15 seconds to 40 seconds. At this stage of training, attention is required to concentrate, and physical and mental integration is required. The main purpose is to activate the strength of the core deep small muscle groups, enhance the stability of the core muscles around the waist-hip-pelvic joints, improve body balance and stability, and improve the control ability of the neuro-muscular system. Including the front core part, side core part, and back core part training, the specific content is shown in Table 4.

Table 4.

The specific content of the first stage of the core stability training of the fighting special.

A front core stability training	B Side core stability training	Core stability training behind C
A1-prone support A2-prone support with both hands and one leg A3-prone support with one foot on the ball A4-prone support with both feet on the ball A5-prone support with both hands on the ball A6-prone support with one leg and one foot	B1-sideways support B2-sideways single leg support B3-sideways support of the hand on the ball B4-sideways support of the foot on the ball B5-lift your leg on the ball and support sideways	C1-supine bend knee support C2-lying on one leg with knee bent C3-supine support with shoulders on the ball C4-supine single leg support with shoulders on the ball C5 supine support with feet on the ball C6-supine support with one foot on the ball

The second stage: Core stability training consolidation stage

In the application of special police combat training, core stability training should add some action content that is similar to the combat technical action structure and force form. Combining core stability training with special events can better meet the stability strength required for special events,²¹ and it may improve training efficiency. The main techniques used by special police officers include punches, kicks, and wrestling moves the main source of force for these actions and the key to the connection of actions are completed by the core muscles. It includes the main movements of the core muscles such as extension, contraction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Therefore, in the action design, the athletes are required to control the stability of the body while simulating the fighting technique movements, and trying to be similar to the fighting technique movements. In this stage, most of the movements are special technical movements (such as boxing and various leg movements) that simulate fighting under the condition of maintaining the balance of the body. The load is controlled by the number of repetitions of the movement and the difficulty of the movement, depending on the difficulty of the movement. Generally, the number of times for each group is about 15–30 times. The training requires concentration. Its main purpose is to strengthen the stability of the core muscles, improve the coordination of the core muscles, and improve the overall coordination of movements. The details are shown in Table 5.

Table 5.

The specific content of the second stage of the core stability training of the fighting special.

E, F kick	G side kick	H Rotation	I flexion
E1-return kick exercise with prone support; E2-back kick exercise with one foot on the ball F1-lie on your back and bend your knees to support positive kick exercises; F2-lying on the back with knees bent and supported on the ball	G1-kicking exercises with sideways support; G2-side kick exercise with one foot supported on the ball D1-V-shaped fist kick	H1-adduction exercises of thighs supported on the ball with one foot sideways; H2-lying on your back with your knees bent and supporting the thigh on the ball with internal rotation and abduction; H3-lying on your stomach	I1-stretching exercises with prone legs kneeling on the ball; I2-stretching exercises with legs placed on the ball I3-standing forward

The third stage: Core stability training improvement stage

This stage is based on strength exercises focusing on the contraction of large muscle groups. It emphasizes the combination of strength, balance and stability. It is required to do strength exercises at the maximum speed as much as possible while controlling the stability of the body. You can increase the number of repetitions or increase Weight-bearing, the main purpose of this stage is to increase the explosive power in the motion control feedback speed, improve the waist and abdomen power transmission and the level of force in an unstable environment, and the training intensity is greater. The details are shown in Table 6.

Table 6.

The specific content of the third stage of the core stability training of fighting special.

J	K	M, N, O
J1-push-ups (hands on the ball); J2-push-ups (feet on the ball); L1-push-ups	K1-crunches (back on the ball); K2-crunches (foot on the ball)	M1-lie on your back and hold the ball from both ends; N1-Lie on your back (with your feet on the ball); N2-Lie on your back (with your shoulders on the ball); O1-Lie on your back (back on the ball)

The specific content arrangement of core stability training in the experiment

The specific content arrangement of core stability training in the experiment is shown in Table 7.

Table 7.

The specific content arrangement of core stability training in the experiment.

	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday
Week 1	A1, B1, C1 R1, R2	A1, B1, C1 R1, R2	—	A1, B1, C1 R2, R3	A2, B2, C2 R3, R4
Week 2	A2, B2, C2 R4, R5	A2, B2, C2 R4, R5	—	A3, B3, C3	A3, B3, C3
Week 3	A4, B4, C4	A4, B4, C4	J1, K1, L1, M1	A4, B4, C4	A5, B5, C5
Week 4	A5, B5, C5	A5, B5, C5	J1, K1, L1, M1	A6, B6, C6	A6, B6, C6
Week 5	D1, E1, F1, G1	D1, E1, F1, G1	J2, K2, L2, M2	D1, E1, F1, G1	D1, E1, F1, G1
Week 6	D2, E2, F2, G2	D2, E2, F2, G2	J2, K2, L2, M2	D2, E2, F2, G2	D2, E2, F2, G2
Week 7	H1, H2, H3	H1, H2, H3	N1, N2, O1	H1, H2, H3	H1, H2, H3
Week 8	I1, I2, I3	I1, I2, I3	N1, N2, O1	I1, I2, I3	I1, I2, I3

Remarks: Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 of the first 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks are the first stage of core stability.

Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 5 of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th weeks are the second phase of core stability training.

The third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth week is the third phase of core stability training.

Special police fighting special core stability training load arrangement characteristics

Core stability training should follow the principle of small load and multiple repetitions.²² The static exercise time lasts about 15–40 seconds for each group, and the dynamic exercise is repeated more than 20 times for each group. As the athlete’s ability improves, the difficulty can be increased. Or ways to increase the intensity, such as gradually extending the time, increasing the number of exercises, changing the movement structure, and increasing the load weight. In training, you must strictly control your body posture, make breathing coordinate with your movements, and emphasize the involvement of the nervous system. Chen Xiaoping believes that the load of core stability training is generally smaller than that of traditional strength training. Basically, it is mainly freehand or lightweight. The ratio of inter-group interval to training time is generally 2:1, mainly including the following factors²³:

First, from the perspective of the main functions of core stability training, improving the control ability of the neuro-muscular system and the ability of muscle recruitment and cooperation in time and space are important tasks of its training. This kind of training highlights the unstable environment, nervous system’s ability to control muscles accurately and quickly in time and space, this kind of muscle coordination training is not suitable for heavy-load training methods.

Second, the training objects of core stability training are the large and small muscle groups of the core. The activation training of the deep small muscle groups is the key to core training, but the small muscle groups involved in work are relatively weak and cannot bear too much.

Third, training in an unstable environment itself increases the difficulty of training, Power and speed have a key role in the most decisive situations of sports,²⁴ because in this environment there are more muscles actually recruited and involved in work than in a fixed environment, which increases the risk of muscle damage. Therefore, core stability training is not suitable for heavy-load training methods and methods.

Results and analysis

Comparative analysis of the performance of the experimental group and the control group before the experiment

The results of experimental group and the control group are shown in Tables 8 and 9.

Table 8.

Comparative analysis of the core stability index scores of the experimental group and the control group before the experiment.

Core stability test indicators	The experimental group before the experiment (x)	The control group before the experiment (x)	T	p
Stability of flexion and extension	5.0	5.11	−0.316	0.76
Rotation stability	1.89	2.0	−0.555	0.594

Table 9.

Comparative analysis of the pre-experimental combat specific strength index scores between the experimental group and the control group.

Motor skill test index	Experimental group (x)	Control group (x)	t	p
(Step forward) the power of the back punch (kg)	212.8	210.2	.269	.794
(Step forward) the strength of the back whip leg (kg)	244.5	252.6	−.963	.360
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back hand punch (m/s)	10.83	10.6	.657	.528
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back whip leg (m/s)	12.57	12.11	.842	.422
The power of the back hand punch in 12 seconds (kg)	4169.8	4663.0	−2.074	.068
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 12 seconds (kg)	2206.8	2286.7	−.613	.555
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 30 seconds (kg)	7703.6	8231.4	−1.195	.263

Through testing the relevant indicators of the experimental group and the control group before the experiment, the results can be seen from the test data in Tables 6 and 7 that before the experiment, there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group members in indicators reflecting the core stability ability and fighting specific strength (p > 0.05).

Comparative analysis of the performance of the fighting specific strength index before and after the control group experiment

Comparison of the test scores of fighting specific strength indicators before and after the experiment in the control group is shown in Table 10.

Table 10.

Comparison of the test scores of fighting specific strength indicators before and after the experiment in the control group.

Skill test indicators	Experimental group before the experiment (x)	Experimental group after the experiment (x)	T	p
(Step forward) the power of the back punch (kg)	204.1	208.2	−.836	.425
(Step forward) the strength of the back whip leg (kg)	248.6	253.9	−1.144	.282
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back hand punch (m/s)	10.04	10.2	−1.445	.182
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back whip leg (m/s)	11.7	12.39	−1.303	.225
The strike strength of the back hand punch in 12 seconds (kg)	4663.0	4933.8	−3.053	.014**
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 12 seconds (kg)	2286.7	2395.8	−4.884	.001***
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 30 seconds (kg)	8331.4	9071.4	−5.006	.001***

From the data in Table 10, it is evident that the control group members after the special class training, the strength of continuous back punching within 12 seconds, the strength of continuous punching and leg combination within 12 seconds, and the continuous punching and leg combination within 30 seconds There is a very significant difference in the three combinations of hitting power (p < 0.01). The other four single hit indicators: (up step) the power of the back hand punch, (up step) the power of the back whip leg, (instant step up) the final speed of the back hand punch, and (instant step up) the back whip leg There is no significant difference in the final speed (p > 0.05). The above results show that the control group has a significant impact on the strength and speed of a single punch and leg after 8 weeks of special training focusing on special skills and strength. Not much, the fluctuation ranges of the results before and after is relatively small. Among them, the performance of a small number of members after the experiment is not as good as the performance before the test, but the overall performance is improved.

Comparative analysis of the performance of the experimental group before and after the experiment

Comparison of the test results of the special strength index of the experimental group before and after the experiment is shown in Table 11.

Table 11.

Comparison of the test results of the special strength index of the experimental group before and after the experiment.

Experimental test indicators	Experimental group before the experiment (x)	Experimental group after the experiment (x)	t	p
(Step forward) the power of the back punch (kg)	208.3	209.7	−.361	.726
(Step forward) the strength of the back whip leg (kg)	237.8	241.5	−.569	.583
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back hand punch (m/s)	10.58	11.24	−4.256	.002***
(Instant step forward) the final speed of the back whip leg (m/s)	11.89	13.29	−2.953	.047**
The strike strength of the back hand punch in 12 seconds (kg)	4317.7	4695.7	−3.657	.005***
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 12 seconds (kg)	2216	2699	−5.216	.001***
Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 30 seconds (kg)	7703.6	9307.5	−6.162	.000***

It can be seen from Table 11 that after 8 weeks of core stability training intervention, the members of the experimental group have significantly improved the indicators of continuous punch and leg combination hitting strength and instantaneous punch and leg single stroke end speed, especially the striking strength of the combination of continuous punch and leg has improved clearly. This shows to a certain extent that core stability training may have a certain effect on combined and instant hits. However, the comparison does not control the factors affecting the index performance of professional training,²⁵ so it is hard to say that it is the independent influence of core stability training on the index.

Comparative analysis of the improvement range of motor skills in the experimental group and the control group

Data analysis of the improvement range of the fighting specific strength indicators in the experimental group and the control group is shown in Table 12.

Table 12.

Data analysis of the improvement range of the fighting specific strength indicators in the experimental group and the control group.

Experimental test indicators	Increase of experimental group (x)	Increase of control group(x)	T	p
(1) (Step forward) the power of the back punch (kg)	1.4	4.1	−.401	.698
(2) (Step forward) the strength of the back whip leg (kg)	3.7	5.3	−.185	.858
(3) (Instant step forward) the final speed of the back hand punch (m/s)	.66	.16	3.062	.014**
(4) (Instant step forward) the final speed of the back whip leg (m/s)
(5) The strike strength of the back hand punch in 12 seconds (kg)	378.0	270.8	1.140	.284
(6) Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 12 seconds (kg)	483.1	109.1	3.417	.008***
(7) Strength of continuous punch and leg combination in 30 seconds (kg)	1603.9	740.0	3.375	.008***

Comparative analysis of the increase in the strength of a single punch in the experimental group and the control group

The comparison of the improvement of the special strength index of the experimental group and the control group can reflect the intervention of core stability training. Otherwise, only the comparison of the test scores of the experimental group before and after the experiment will not control the influence of other training content. It can be seen from the above table that the improvement rate of step forward back hand punch strength performance in the experimental group is 1.4, the improvement rate of step forward back hand punch strength performance in the control group is 4.1, the p value is 0.698, which is more than 0.05, and there was no significant difference. While the strength performance of the whip leg in the experimental group increased by 3.7, and the strength performance of the whip leg in the control group increased by 5.3. The p value was 0.698, which was more than 0.05, and there was no significant difference either. The results of the study showed that after the core stability training intervention in the experimental group, there was no significant effect on the maximum strength of a single punch and leg in the experimental group, and the increase in the two groups was almost the same.

Comparative analysis of the increase in instant hitting power between the experimental group and the control group

The hand punch final speed of the experimental group increased by 0.66 after an instant step, while the control group only saw an increase of 0.16., which is 0.51 higher than the control group, and the p value is less than 0.05 There is a significant difference in the improvement range of the two groups; the final speed performance of the whip leg of the experimental group increased by 2.4 after an instant up step, and the final speed performance of the whip leg of the control group after an instant step up was 0.69, which is 1.71 higher than the control group, p value is less than 0.05, there is a significant difference in the improvement range of the two groups.

The results of the experiment show that the special training class after the intervention of core stability training has a greater impact on the instant single punch and kick speed than the special training class without core stability training. The reasons for the analysis are as follows: the athlete must start suddenly when hitting under instantaneous conditions, which requires the athletes to have good starting and braking capabilities, and the start under sudden conditions is likely to cause the imbalance of the body and affect the hitting effect. Stability training can improve the athlete’s body control ability and the coordination ability of the neuro-muscular system, thereby improving the athlete’s starting speed and effective force generation ability under unbalanced conditions, practising sports could foster the development of cognitive flexibility.²⁶ If the core area is unstable and the body control ability is not good, the entire movement. The joint chain is easily broken, which affects the acceleration of the action.²⁷

Comparative analysis of the increase in the combination of the experimental group and the control group

The performance improvement rate of the experimental group index (5) (the strength of hand punching in 12 seconds) is 378, and the improvement rate of this index performance of the control group is 270.8, which is higher than that of the control group. The score of the experimental group index (6) (strength of continuous punch and leg combination within 12 seconds) increased by 483.1, and the score of the control group increased by 109.1, but the experimental group had a higher degree of improvement than the control group 374; the p value is less than 0.01; there is a very significant difference in the improvement of the performance of the two groups; the performance improvement of the experimental group index (7) (the strength of the continuous punch and leg combination within 30 seconds) is 1603.9, and the improvement of the index performance of the control group is 740.0; the experimental group has a higher improvement rate of 863.9 than the control group, and the p value is less than 0.01. There is a very significant difference between the two groups in the improvement of performance. The above results show that after controlling the influencing factors of professional training, the core stability training has a positive impact on the combined continuous punching ability, especially the impact on the punching ability of the combination of punches and legs. The impact of hitting ability is relatively small, not as big as a combination of punches and legs.

The reasons for the analysis are as follows: index (5) (the strength of continuous punching punches within 12 seconds) and index (6) (the strength of continuous punching and leg combination within 12 seconds) these two indicators have relative requirements for athletes’ basic movement skills, speed strength, and strength endurance. The difference is that the index (7) has higher requirements for body balance, stability and coordination ability. The subjects are required to strike at the maximum efficiency per unit of time, and it is a combination of boxing and legs. Quickly switch between the legs, and the body’s center of gravity is constantly changing in the use of combined movements. Therefore, athletes must constantly adjust their body’s center of gravity and perform fast and accurate footwork changes to perform effective strikes. If the center of gravity of the body is not well controlled, it will affect the continuity of the entire movement and the effect of the hit.^28,29

Conclusions

(1) There is no significant difference in the improvement of single-strike ability between the experimental group and the control group. The p value is more than 0.5, indicating that the experimental group has no significant impact on the maximum strength of single-strike punches after the core stability training intervention in the experimental group. Core stability training has no significant effect on the strength of a single stroke in special combat.

(2) Among the seven indicators that reflect the special strength of fighting, except for the single striking power that does not reflect the independent effect of core stability training, the other indicators all reflect the role of core stability training introduced into special police fighting training, especially boxing. As for the two indicators of the combined hitting strength of the legs, the experimental group has significantly higher performance improvement than the control group. After the T test, the p value is less than 0.01, which has a very significant difference.

(3) This experimental study believes that the core stability training has a positive impact on the improvement of special combat strength, and the key lies in the specific design of the core stability training content. It requires a reasonable balance between special police combat technical training and traditional strength training. The content is arranged in proportion to complement each other and interact.

(4) The design of the core and stable content of the special police fighting event should fully consider the characteristics of the special fighting action. The fighting event mainly includes the extension, contraction, internal rotation, and external rotation of the core muscles. Therefore, when designing the action, the team members are required to control and simulate the combat technique movements while maintaining physical stability, which is as similar as possible to the force form of the combat technique movements. The static basic core stability exercises can be arranged in the warm-up activities, which can simultaneously play a good role in warm-up and core stability training.

Footnotes

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Appendix

References

Miro-Padilla

Bueicheku

Adrian-Ventura

, et al. Sustained and transient gray matter volume changes after n-back training: a VBM study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 178: 107368.

Handlery

Kahl

, et al. High intensity functional training for people with Parkinson’s & their care partners: a feasibility study. Am J Health Promot 2024; 38(5): 648–660.

Ghahfarrokhi

Shirvani

Rahimi

, et al. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24(1): 71.

Hallam

Brown

Turner

, et al. Development of a training programme in individual case formulation skills and a scale for assessing its effectiveness. Behav Cognit Psychother 2024; 52(2): 200–203.

Voigt

Raab

. Mind in action: the interplay of cognition and action in skilled performance. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol 2024; 22(2): 307–313.

Paiva

GCC

de Paula

Costa

, et al. Parent training for disruptive behavior symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Front Psychol 2024; 15: 1293244.

Aldridge

Cahill

Theodoros

. Assessment of communication competence in acquired communication disorders: a systematic scoping review. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2023; 25(2): 306–316.

Majewska

Kołodziej-Lackorzyńska

Cyran-Grzebyk

, et al. Effects of core stability training on functional movement patterns in tennis players. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2022; 19(23): 16033.

Beránek

Votápek

Stastny

. Force and velocity of impact during upper limb strikes in combat sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Biomech 2023; 22(8): 921–939.

10.

Nardini

Scandurra

. Hand-to-hand sports and the struggle for belonging. Ethnography 2021; 22(3): 289–294.

11.

Sammito

Hadzic

Karakolis

, et al. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model. Mil Med Res 2021; 8(1): 66.

12.

Wang

Song

Ruan

, et al. Core muscle functional strength training for reducing the risk of low back pain in military recruits: an open-label randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med 2022; 20(2): 145–152.

13.

Ramirez-Campillo

García-Hermoso

Moran

, et al. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: a meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2022; 11(6): 656–670.

14.

Chen

Tang

Chen

, et al. A facile solution processed ZnO@ZnS core–shell nanorods arrays for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with boosted stability. J Energy Chem 2021; 61(10): 553–560.

15.

Guo

Yao

Peng

, et al. Platinum monolayers stabilized on dealloyed AuCu core-shell nanoparticles for improved activity and stability on methanol oxidation reaction. Chin Chem Lett 2020; 31(3): 836–840.

16.

Nekar

Lee

Hong

, et al. Comparing the impact of upper body control and core muscle stabilization training on landing biomechanics in individuals with functional ankle instability: a randomized controlled trial. Healthc Benchmarks 2023; 12(1): 70.

17.

Lee

Kim

. The effect of diagonal exercise training for neurorehabilitation on functional activity in stroke patients: a pilot study. Brain Sci 2023; 13(5): 799.

18.

Sheikhi

Letafatkar

Thomas

, et al. Altered trunk and lower extremity movement coordination after neuromuscular training with and without external focus instruction: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med R 2021; 13(1): 92.

19.

Sales

Reimer

. Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: the role of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and “biotics” in exercise. J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12(1): 36–44.

20.

Towlson

Salter

Ade

, et al. Maturity-associated considerations for training load, injury risk, and physical performance in youth soccer: one size does not fit all. J Sport Health Sci 2021; 10(4): 403–412.

21.

Costa

Estacio

ABS

de Souza

, et al. Monthly and seasonal streamflow forecasting of large dryland catchments in Brazil. J Arid Land 2021; 13(3): 205–223.

22.

Orr

Cohen

Allison

, et al. Models to predict injury, physical fitness failure and attrition in recruit training: a retrospective cohort study. Mil Med Res 2020; 7(1): 26.

23.

Mackey

Freitas

. A longitudinal analysis of the U.S. Air Force Reserve Officers’ Training Corps physical fitness assessment. Military Med Res 2019; 6(1): 30.

24.

Wang

Chen

, et al. Education reform and change driven by digital technology: a bibliometric study from a global perspective. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 2024; 11(1): 256.

25.

Dong

Chun

. Effects of core training on sport-specific performance of athletes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Behav Sci 2023; 13(2): 148.

26.

Doğanay

Bingül

Álvarez-García

. Effect of core training on speed, quickness and agility in young male football players. J Sports Med Phys Fit 2020; 60(9): 1240–1246.

27.

Xin

Zhu

Chen

, et al. Prevalence and correlates of meeting the muscle-strengthening exercise recommendations among Chinese children and adolescents: results from 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. J Sport Health Sci 2022; 11(3): 358–366.

28.

Vainshelboim

Myers

Matthews

. Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer incidence: the NIH-AARP diet and health study. J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12(6): 739–746.

29.

Kidokoro

Tomkinson

Lang

, et al. Physical fitness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of annual national physical fitness surveillance among 16,647,699 Japanese children and adolescents between 2013 and 2021. J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12(2): 246–254.