The aim of this study was to determine the effect of underground working on 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) values in coal miners. Fifty coal miners working underground and 50 surface workers as controls, matched for age and body mass index, from Zonguldak, Turkey, were recruited to the study. Levels of 25-OHD, biochemical bone markers, and lumbar spine and femur BMD values were measured in all study participants. Lumbar spine and femur BMD values were significantly higher in underground workers compared with surface workers, but there was no significant difference in 25-OHD levels between the two groups. Duration of underground working, age, 25-OHD levels, cigarette consumption and dietary calcium intake were not correlated with BMD values. Underground physical working does not seem to be a significant risk factor for low 25-OHD levels or low BMD values.
MussolinoMELookerACMadansJHLangloisJAOrwollES: Risk factors for hip fracture in white men: The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. J Bone Miner Res1998; 13: 918–924.
2.
HasseriusRKarlssonMKNilssonBERedlund-JohnellIJohnellO: Prevalent vertebral deformities predict increased mortality and increased fracture rate in both men and women: A 10-year population-based study of 598 individuals from the Swedish cohort in the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int2003; 14: 61–68.
3.
KellyPJPocockNASambrookPNEismanJA: Dietary calcium, sex hormones, and bone mineral density in men. BMJ1990; 300: 1361–1364.
4.
OrwollESMeierDE: Alterations in calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone physiology in normal men with aging: Relationship to the development of senile osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1986; 63: 1262–1269.
5.
HuuskonenJVaisanenSBKrogerHJurvelinCBouchardCAlhavaE: Determinants of bone mineral density in middle aged men: A population-based study. Osteoporos Int2000; 11: 702–708.
6.
TanakaTLatorreMRJaimePCFlorindoAAPippaMGZerbiniCA: Risk factors for proximal femur osteoporosis in men aged 50 years or older. Osteoporos Int2001; 12: 942–949.
7.
IsmailAAO'NeillTWCockerillWFinnJDCannataJBHoszowskiK: Validity of selfreport of fractures: Results from a prospective study in men and women across Europe. EPOS Study Group. European Prospective Osteoporosis Study Group. Osteoporos Int2000; 11: 248–254.
8.
KanisJJohnellOGullbergBAllanderEElfforsLRanstamJ: Risk factors for hip fracture in men from southern Europe: The MEDOS study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int1999; 9: 45–54.
9.
InderjeethCABarrettTAl-LahhamYMulfordJNicklasonFRebergerC: Seasonal variation, hip fracture and vitamin D levels in Southern Tasmania. N Z Med J2002; 115: 183–185.
10.
OlszynskiWPDavisonK ShawnAdachiJDBrownJPCummingsSRHanleyDA: Osteoporosis in men: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Clin Ther2004; 26: l5–28.
11.
LuntMFelsenbergDReeveJBenevolenskayaLCannataJDequekerJ: Bone density variation and its effects on risk of vertebral deformity in men and women studied in thirteen European centers: The EVOS Study. J Bone Miner Res1997; 12: 1883–1894.
12.
MeltonLJIIIAtkinsonEJO'ConnorMKO'FallonWMRiggsBL: Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res1998; 13: 1915–1923.
13.
LormeauCSoudanBd'HerbomezMPignyPDuquesnoyBCortetB: Sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, and bone turnover markers in male osteoporosis. Bone2004; 34: 933–939.
14.
AgnusdeiDCivitelliRCamporealeAParisiGGennariLNardiP: Age-related decline of bone mass and intestinal calcium absorption in normal males. Calcif Tissue Int1998; 63: 197–201.
15.
SzulcPGarneroPMunozFMarchandFDelmasPD: Cross-sectional evaluation of bone metabolism in men. J Bone Miner Res2001; 16: 1642–1650.
16.
TrovasGPLyritisGPGalanosARaptouPConstantelouE: A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in men with idiopathic osteoporosis: Effects on bone mineral density and bone markers. J Bone Miner Res2002; 17: 521–527.
17.
ReidDMAdamiSDevogelaerJPChinesAA: Risedronate increases bone density and reduces vertebral fracture risk within one year in men on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif Tissue Int2001; 69: 242–247.
18.
FinkelsteinJSHayesAHunzelmanJLWylandJJLeeHNeerRM: The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med2003; 349: 1216–1226.
19.
SnyderPJPeacheyHBerlinJAHannoushPHaddadGDlewatiA: Effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2000; 85: 2670–2677.
20.
LookerACOrwollESJohnstonCCJrLindsayRLWahnerHWDunnWL: Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older US adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res1997; 12: 1761–1768.
21.
ShermanSSHollisBWTobinJD: Vitamin D status and related parameters in a healthy population: The effects of age, sex, and season. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1990; 71: 405–413.
22.
OnoYSuzukiAKotakeMZhangXNishiwaki-YasudaKIshiwataY: Seasonal changes of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels in a normal Japanese population. J Bone Miner Metab2005; 23: 147–151.
23.
BouillonRAAuwerxJHLissensWDPelemansWK: Vitamin D status in the elderly: Seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr1987; 45: 755–763.
24.
OvergaardKNilasLJohansenJSChristiansenC: Lack of seasonal variation in bone mass and biochemical estimates of bone turnover. Bone1988; 9: 285–288.
25.
AtliTGulluSUysalARErdoganG: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr2005; 40: 53–60.
