This work presents the main steps for the development of a multi-physic simulation platform, able to represent the dynamics of a twin-screw ship in 6 degrees of freedom, taking into account the complete propulsion system including automation effects. The simulation platform has to be used in the preliminary design phase in order to study and design the propulsion plant and its control system. The ship motion model has been developed including roll motion, in order to capture the ship heel angles during tight turning circles, which may be significant for a fast naval vessel. Moreover, the simulation model includes a simplified representation of the asymmetric behaviour of the two propeller shafts during manoeuvres, which cannot be neglected when dealing with the propulsion plant behaviour. Several sub-models have been developed and calibrated by means of a set of experimental tests, in model and full scale. The sea trial campaign is finally used to validate and tune the developed simulator; thus, the final version may be adopted as an optimization tool for other future designs (or sister ships) and training purposes. Although the presented case study has been validated on a specific ship, most of the discussed models have a general application.
AbkowitzMA. Lectures on ship hydrodynamics – steering and manoeuvrability. Report, Hydrodynamics Department, Lyngby, 1964.
2.
FossenTI. Handbook of marine craft hydrodynamics and motion control. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.
3.
AnkudinovVKaplanPJacobsenB. Assessment and principal structure of the modular mathematical model for ship maneuverability predictions and real-time maneuvering simulation. In: MARSIM’93, international conference on marine simulation and ship manoeuvrability, International Marine Simulator Forum (IMSF), St. John’s, NL, Canada, 26 September–2 October 1993, pp.40–51.
4.
MartelliMFigariMAltosoleM. Controllable pitch propeller actuating mechanism, modelling and simulation. Proc IMechE, Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment2014; 228(1): 29–43.
5.
AltosoleMVivianiMMartelliM. Numerical analysis of the ship propulsion control system effect on the manoeuvring characteristics in model and full scale. In: MARINE 2013, 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering (eds BrinkmannBWriggersP), Hamburg, Germany, 29–31 May 2013, pp. 1–12.
6.
ClarkeD. The effect of skegs and stern shape on the dynamic stability of ships. In: 2nd International Conference on Manoeuvring and Control of Marine Craft (MCMC) conference, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton,14–17July1992.
7.
KijimaKNakiriY. On the practical prediction method for ship manoeuvring characteristics. In: MARSIM’03, international conference on marine simulation and ship manoeuvrability, KijimaK (ed.), International Marine Simulator Forum (IMSF) Kanazawa, Japan, 25–28 August 2003.
8.
HochbaumACVogtMGatchellS. Maneuvering prediction for two tankers based on RANS simulations. In: SIMMAN 2008 workshop on verification and validation of ship manoeuvering simulation methods, SternFAdgrupK(eds.) Copenhagen, 14–16 April 2008.
9.
Di MascioADubbiosoGNotaroC. Investigation of twin screw naval ships manoeuvrability behaviour. J Ship Res2011; 55(4): 221–248.
10.
SimonsenCDSternF. Verification and validation of RANS maneuvering simulation of Esso Osaka: effects of drift and rudder angle on forces and moments. Comput Fluids2003; 32(10): 1325–1356.
11.
ArakiMSadat-HosseiniHSanadaY. Estimating maneuvering coefficients using system identification methods with experimental, system-based, and CFD free-running trial data. Ocean Eng2012; 51: 63–84.
12.
BrogliaRDubbiosoGDi MascioA. Prediction of manoeuvring properties for a tanker model by computational fluid dynamics. In: Assessment of stability and control prediction methods for NATO air and sea vehicles specialists’ meeting, NATO Research and Technology Organisation, Hampshire, 12–14 October 2011.
13.
ZhaoYX. Calculation of ship manoeuvring motions in shallow water. Ship Tech Res (Schiffstechnik)1986; 33: 131–184.
14.
SternFAgdrupKKimSY. Experience from SIMMAN 2008 – the first workshop on verification and validation of ship manoeuvring simulation methods. J Ship Res2011; 55(2): 135–147.
15.
SutuloSGuedes SoaresC. Mathematical models for simulation of manoeuvring performance of ships. In: Guedes SoaresCGarbatovYFonsecaN. (eds) Marine technology and engineering. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011, pp.661–698.
16.
OltmanP. Roll – an often neglected element of manoeuvring. In: MARSIM’93, international conference on marine simulation and ship manoeuvrability, KijimaK (ed.), International Marine Simulator Forum (IMSF), St. John’s, NL, Canada, 26 September–2 October 1993, pp.463–471.
17.
KijimaKFurukawaY. Effect of roll motion on manoeuvrability of ship. In: International symposium and workshop on force acting on a manoeuvring vessel, Frankreich Direction des Centres d"Expertise et d"Essais, Val de Reuil, 16–18 September 1998, pp.157–163.
18.
KhanfirSHasegawaKNagarajanV. Manoeuvring characteristics of twin-rudder systems: rudder-hull interaction effect on the manoeuvrability of twin-rudder ships. J Mar Sci Technol2011; 16: 472–490.
BodnarukARubisCJ. Acceleration performance analysis of a gas turbine destroyer escort. J Eng Gas Turb Power1971; 93: 49–55.
21.
VrijdagAStapersmaDVan TerwisgaT. Control of propeller cavitation in operational conditions. J Mar Eng Technol2010; 16: 15–26.
22.
AltosoleMBenvenutoGFigariM. Performance prediction of a planning craft by dynamic numerical simulation. In: HSMV 2005, 7th symposium on high speed marine vehicles, ATENA, Naples, 21–23 September 2005, pp.105–111.
23.
AltosoleMBenvenutoGCamporaU. Real-time simulation of a COGAG naval ship propulsion system. Proc IMechE, Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment2009; 223(1): 47–61.
24.
AltosoleMDubbiosoGFigariM. Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a CODLAG propulsion plant. In: Warship 2010: advanced technologies in naval design and construction, Royal Institution of Naval Architects, London, 9–10 June 2010, pp.109–115.
25.
CoradduADubbiosoGVivianiM. Analysis of twin screw ships asymmetric propeller behaviour by means of free running model tests. Ocean Engineering2013, 68: 47–64.
26.
AltosoleMFigariMMartelliM. Time domain simulation for marine propulsion applications. In: SCSC 2012, 44th summer computer simulation conference, Society for Modeling & Simulation International (SCS), Genoa, 8–11 July 2012, pp.449–456.
27.
BenvenutoGCamporaU. A gas turbine modular model for ship propulsion studies. In: HSMV 2005, 7th symposium on high speed marine vehicles, ATENA, Naples, 21–23 September 2005.
28.
AltosoleMFigariM. Effective simple methods for numerical modeling of marine engines in ship propulsion control systems design. J Nav Architect Mar Eng2011; 8: 129–147.
29.
VivianiMDubbiosoGSoaveM. Hydrodynamic coefficients regressions analysis and application to twin screw vessels. In: IMAM 2009, 13th congress of international Maritime Association of Mediterranean, GorenOOkanSKarakasSC (ed.), ITU Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Istanbul, 12–15 October 2009.
30.
DubbiosoGMauroSVivianiM. Off-design propulsion power plant investigations by means of free running manoeuvring ship model test and simulation techniques. In: 21st international offshore and polar engineering conference, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), Maui, HI, 19–24 June 2011, pp.943–950.
31.
MauroSDubbiosoGBrogliaR. Investigation of asymmetrical shaft power increase during ship maneuvers by means of model tests and CFD. In: 29th symposium on naval hydrodynamics, Organised by: U.S. Office of Naval Research, Chalmers University of Technology and SSPA Sweden AB, Gothenburg, 26–31 August 2012.
32.
RibnerH.MacLachlanR.Notes on propeller and slipstream, Technical Note n.1210, 17March1947, Langley Aeronautical Memorial Laboratory, Langley Field, Va.
33.
MollandAFTurnockSR. Marine rudders and control surfaces: principles, data, design and applications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, p.386.
WhickerLFFehlnerLF. Free stream characteristics of a family of low aspect ratio, all movable control surfaces for application to ship design. Report no. 933, December1958, Washington, DC. David Taylor Model Basin.
36.
FujiiHTsudaT. Experimental researches on rudder performance. Soc Nav Archit Jpn1961; 110: 31–45 (in Japanese).
37.
SoedingH. Limits of potential theory in rudder flow predictions. In: 22nd symposium on naval hydrodynamics, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 9–14 August 1998.
38.
SNAME, PANEL H-10 (Ship Controllability), Design Workbook on Ship Manoeuvrability, SNAME, Technical and Research Bulletin 1-44, 1993.
