The effects of efflux velocity, operational conditions, stack geometry, and buoyancy on the exhaust dispersion for a generic frigate are investigated numerically. The conservation of energy, momentum, mass, species, and turbulence equations have been solved using the finite volume method. It is found that the exhaust smoke dispersion is affected by the efflux velocity, operational conditions, buoyancy, and turbulence, as well as the geometry of the stack. The momentum of the exhaust gases and the plume height increase as the velocity ratio increases. The results for the slow ahead operation condition show that the buoyancy effect is the strongest, and the plume height is minimum for this case. The exhaust temperatures and velocity values for the full ahead operation are found to be the highest. However, the plume height for this case is not maximum. This may be attributed to the high turbulence levels for this case. It is found that the effect of stack geometry on the exhaust smoke dispersion is not significant for the geometries considered in the study. The computations are validated with the flow visualization tests carried out in a wind tunnel. The agreement between the numerical and experimental results is found to be good.
BahamGJMcCallumD.Stack design technology for naval and merchant ships. SNAME Trans1977; 85: 324–349.
2.
McCallumD.Technical practices manual for surface ship stack design. Navsec Report 6136-76-18, Naval Ship Engineering Center, Hyattsville, MD, 27July1976.
3.
KimJHParkSMSeolSS. Numerical research on establishing optimum design criterion of ship’s funnel. In: Proceedings of international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, Boston, Massachusetts, 31 October–6 November 2008. New York: ASME.
4.
JosephCS.Computer aided analyses of smoke stack designs
. Master’s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 1996.
5.
JinEYoonJKimY. A CFD-based parametric study on the smoke behavior of a typical merchant ship. In: Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on practical design of ships and other floating structures, Shanghai, China, 16 September–21 September 2001, pp.459–461. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
6.
KulkarniPRSinghSNSeshadriV.Parametric studies of exhaust smoke–superstructure interaction on a naval ship using CFD. Comput Fluids2007; 36: 794–816.
7.
ParkSHeoJYuBSet al. Computational analysis of ship’s exhaust-gas flow and its application for antenna location. Appl Therm Eng2011; 31: 1689–1702.
8.
ErginSParalıYDobrucaliE. A numerical investigation of exhaust smoke superstructure interaction on a naval ship. In: Proceedings of the 14th international congress of the international maritime association of the Mediterranean, Genova, Italy, 13–16 September, 2011, pp.109–115. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
9.
HuangJCarricaPMSternlA.A method to compute ship exhaust plumes with waves and wind. Int J Numer Meth Fl2012; 68: 160–180.
10.
ScottPWhiteMOwenI.Unsteady CFD modelling of ship engine exhaust gases and over-deck air temperatures, and the implications for maritime helicopter operations. In: Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society international annual forum, Virginia Beach, VA, 5–7 May 2015, pp.1–9. American Helicopter Society International Inc.
11.
GederJRamamurtiRSandbergWC.Ship airwake correlation analysis for the San Antonio class transport dock vessel. Memorandum Report NRL/MR/6410-08-9127, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 21May2008.
12.
LandsbergAMSandbergWCYoungTR.DDG-51 Flt IIA air wake study part 2: hangar interior flow. Memorandum Report NRL/MR/6410-96-7898, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 15November1996.
13.
LandsbergAMSandbergWC.DDG-51 Flt IIA air wake study part 3: temperature field analysis for baseline and upgrade configurations. Memorandum Report NRL/MR/6401-00-8432, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 2000.
14.
NacaklıY.Analysis of helicopter downwash/frigate air wake interaction using statistically designed experiments. PhD Thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 2010.
15.
ReddyKRToffolettoRJonesKRW. Numerical simulation of ship airwake. Comput Fluids2000; 29: 451–465.
16.
SharmaALN. Long airwake simulations on an LPD 17. In: Proceedings of the 15th AIAA computational fluid dynamics conference, Anaheim, CA, 11–14 June 2001. Reston, VA: AIAA.
17.
SymsGF.Simulation of simplified-frigate airwakes using a lattice-Boltzmann method. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod2008; 96: 1197–1206.
18.
TattersallPAlboneCMSolimanMMet al. Prediction of ship air wakes over flight decks using CFD. In: Proceedings of the RTO AVT symposium on fluid dynamics problems of vehicles operating near or in the air-sea interface, Amsterdam, 5–8 October 1998, paper no. RTO-MP-15, pp.5.1–5.11. Hull: Canada Communication Group.
19.
TszeCT. Simulation and analysis of LHD ship airwake by Navier-Stokes method. In: Proceedings of the RTO AVT symposium on fluid dynamics problems of vehicles operating near or in the air-sea interface, Amsterdam, 5–8 October 1998, paper no. RTO-MP-15, pp.4.1–4.10. Hull: Canada Communication Group.
20.
WilkinsonCHZanSJGilbertNEet al. Modelling and simulation of ship air wakes for helicopter operations: a collaborative venture. In: Proceedings of the RTO AVT symposium on fluid dynamics problems of vehicles operating near or in the air-sea interface, Amsterdam, 5–8 October 1998. Hull: Canada Communication Group.
21.
ZanSJSymsGFCheneyBT. Analysis of patrol frigate air wakes. In: Proceedings of the RTO AVT symposium on fluid dynamics problems of vehicles operating near or in the air-sea interface, Amsterdam, 5–8 October 1998, paper no. RTO-MP-15, pp.7.1–7.14. Hull: Canada Communication Group.
22.
SymsGF.Numerical simulation of frigate airwakes. Int J Comput Fluid Dynam2004; 18(2): 199–207.
23.
HoldoAE. Modelling helicopter landing conditions onboard offshore structures. In: Application of fluid dynamics in the safe design of topsides and superstructures. London: Institute of Marine Engineers, 1997, pp.71–77.
24.
KulkarniPRSinghSNSeshadriV.Flow visualization studies of exhaust smoke-superstructure interaction on naval ships. Naval Eng J2005; 117: 41–56.
25.
VijayakumarRSeshadriVSinghSNet al. A wind tunnel study on the interaction of hot exhaust from the funnel with the superstructure of a naval ship. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Kobe techno-ocean, Kobe, Japan, 8–11 April 2008. New York: IEEE.
26.
HarrellJP.Experimentally determined effects of educator geometry on the performance of exhaust gas eductors for gas turbine powered ships. Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 1977.
27.
OvercampTJ.A review of conditions leading to downwash in physical modeling experiments. Atmos Environ2001; 35: 3503–3508.
28.
TatomFB.Predictions of stack plume downwash. J Fluids Eng1986; 108: 379–382.
29.
LeeGRZanSJ. Wind tunnel testing to determine unsteady loads on a helicopter fuselage in a ship airwake. In: Proceedings of the ICAS congress, Toronto, ON, Canada, 8–13 September 2002, pp.3111.1–3111.10. ICAS.
30.
JohnsMK.Flow visualization of the air wake around a model of a DD-963 class destroyer in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 1988.
31.
HalitskyJ.Wind tunnel modeling of heated stack effluents in disturbed flows. Atmos Environ1979; 13: 449–452.
32.
ErginSParalıY.A numerical study of exhaust smoke-superstructure interaction for naval ships. GMO J Ship Marine Technol2010; 185: 4–6 (in Turkish).
33.
DobrucaliEErginS.A study of exhaust smoke dispersion for a generic frigate. GMO J Ship Marine Technol2012; 192: 16–22 (in Turkish).
34.
DobrucaliEErginS. Exhaust smoke dispersion for a generic frigate: computational modelling and comparisons with experiments. In: Proceedings of the 14th international congress of the international maritime association of the Mediterranean, A Coruna, 14–17 October 2013, pp.811–817. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
35.
ErginSDobrucaliE.Numerical modeling of exhaust smoke dispersion for a generic frigate and comparisons with experiments. J Marine Sci Appl2014; 13: 206–211.
36.
MalalasekeraWVersteegHK. An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite volume method. 2nd ed.London: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1995.
37.
PatankarSV.Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
38.
ErginSOtaM.A study of the effect of duct width on fully developed turbulent flow characteristics in a corrugated duct. Heat Transfer Eng2005; 26: 254–262.
39.
MAN B&W Diesel A/S. Emission control two-stroke low-speed diesel engines, MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, December 1996.
