In this study, vibration modal analysis has been used to experimentally investigate the detection of fiber breakage (FB) and delamination in laminated composite plates. The modal analysis was performed on two arrangement styles of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminated plates under forced vibrations. The main contribution in this study is that a new index named Improved Curvature Damage Factor (ICDF) was introduced to detect and localize damages in composite structures. It is a developed version of an earlier index based on the change in mode shape curvature (MSC) of dynamic response. To include the effect of more than one mode shape Cumulative Improved Damage Factor (CICDF) was proposed. The ICDF index was validated with a number of earlier studies that investigated the damage detection in different structures in order to approve the efficiency of this index. A scanning laser vibrometer was also used to experimentally examine the modal-based and forced responses for intact and damaged plates. Various experimental tests were used to verify the advantages of the proposed methodology and its use in structural health monitoring. In addition, the analysis of experimental results showed that the mutation caused by FB is almost double that of the value of delamination peaking.
DoeblingSWFarrarCRPrimeMB. A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods. Shock Vib Dig1998; 30(2): 91–105.
2.
YamLHWeiZChengL. Nondestructive detection of internal delamination by vibration-based method for composite plates. J Compos Mater2004; 38(24): 2183–2198.
3.
FriswellMI. Damage identification using inverse methods. In MorassiAVestroniF (eds) CISM international centre for mechanical sciences, courses and lectures, vol. 499. Vienna: Springer, 2008, pp. 13–66.
4.
HeKZhuWD. Detection of damage and loosening of bolted connections in structures using changes in natural frequencies. Mater Evaluation2010; 68(6): 721–732.
5.
ZhuWHeK. Detection of damage in space frame structures with L-shaped beams and bolted joints using changes in natural frequencies. J Vib Acoust2013; 135(5): 051001.
6.
SunGWangYLuoQ, et al. Vibration-based damage identification in composite plates using 3D-DIC and wavelet analysis. Mech Syst Signal Process2022; 173: 108890.
7.
KhanAKoD-KLimSC, et al. Structural vibration-based classification and prediction of delamination in smart composite laminates using deep learning neural network. Compos Part B Eng2019; 161: 586–594.
8.
ShoukrounDMassimiaLIacovielloF, et al. Enhanced composite plate impact damage detection and characterisation using X-Ray refraction and scattering contrast combined with ultrasonic imaging. Compos Part B Eng2020; 181: 107579.
9.
AdamsDE. Health monitoring of structural materials and components. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2007.
10.
PanJZhangZWuJ, et al. A novel method of vibration modes selection for improving accuracy of frequency-based damage detection. Compos. Part B Eng2019; 159: 437–446.
11.
Hadj-Mihoub-Sidi-MoussaYAzouaouiKAssararM, et al. Damage investigation of cross-ply flax/epoxy composite under impact fatigue. J Compos Mater2022, 56(7): 1003–1018.
12.
LestariWQiaoPHanagudS. Curvature mode shape-based damage assessment of carbon/epoxy composite beams. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2007; 18(3): 189–208.
13.
PalaczMKrawczukM. Vibration parameters for damage detection in structures. J Sound Vibr2003; 249(5): 999–1010.
14.
SahinMShenoiRA. Quantification and localisation of damage in beam-like structures by using artificial neural networks with experimental validation. Eng Struct2003; 25(14): 1785–1802.
15.
ZhengTLuoWTongH, et al. A two-step method for delamination detection in composite laminates using experience-based learning algorithm. Struct Heal Monit2022; 21(3): 965–983.
16.
RatcliffeCPBagariaWJ. Vibration technique for locating delamination in a composite beam. AIAA J1998; 36: 1074–1077.
17.
HameyCSLestariWQiaoP, et al. Experimental damage identification of carbon/epoxy composite beams using curvature mode shapes. Struct Heal Monit2004; 3(4): 333–353.
18.
WahabMMARoeckGD. Damage detection in bridges using modal curvatures: Application to a real damage scenario. J Sound Vibr1999; 266(2): 217–235.
19.
DuttaATalukdarS. Damage detection in bridges using accurate modal parameters. Finite Elem Anal Des2004; 40(3): 287–304.
20.
MaXAzeezMFAVakakisAF. Non-linear normal modes and non-parametric system identification of non-linear oscillators. Mech Syst Signal Process2000; 14(1): 37–48.
21.
FanWQiaoP. Vibration-based damage identification methods: a review and comparative study. Struct Heal Monit2010; 10(1): 83–111.
22.
OuYChatziENDertimanisVK, et al. Vibration-based experimental damage detection of a small-scale wind turbine blade. Struct Heal Monit2017; 16(1). 79–96.
23.
PandeyAKBiswasMSammanMM. Damage detection from changes in curvature mode shapes. J Sound Vib1991; 145: 321–332.
24.
CiambellaJVestroniFVidoliS. Damage observability, localization and assessment based on eigenfrequencies and eigenvectors curvatures. Smart Struct Systems2011; 8(2): 191–204.
25.
RoyK. Structural damage quantification in shear buildings using mode shape slope ratio. Struct Heal Monit. Epub ahead of print 19September2022. DOI: 10.1177/14759217221122362.
26.
MaeckJAbdel WahabMPeetersB, et al. Damage identification in reinforced concrete structures by dynamic stiffness determination. Eng Struct2000; 22(10): 1339–1349.
27.
MontalvãoDMaiaNMMRibeiroAMR. A review of vibration-based structural health monitoring with special emphasis on composite materials. Shock Vibr Dig2006; 38(4): 295–324.
28.
NayyarABaneenUAhsanM, et al. Damage detection based on output-only measurements using cepstrum analysis and a baseline-free frequency response function curvature method. Sci Prog2022; 105(1): 1–25.
29.
HassaniSMousaviMGandomiAH. Damage detection of composite laminate structures using VMD of FRF contaminated by high percentage of noise. Compos Struct2022; 286: 115243.
30.
LinRM. Modelling, detection and identification of flexural crack damages in beams using frequency response functions. Meccanica2016; 51(9): 2027–2044.
31.
CuadradoMPernas-SánchezJArtero-GuerreroJA, et al. Detection of barely visible multi-impact damage on carbon/epoxy composite plates using frequency response function correlation analysis. Meas J Int Meas Confed2022; 196: 111194.
32.
RadzieńskiMKrawczukMPalaczM. Improvement of damage detection methods based on experimental modal parameters. Mech Syst Signal Process2011; 25(6): 2169–2190.
33.
ChandrashekharMGanguliR. Damage assessment of structures with uncertainty by using mode-shape curvatures and fuzzy logic. J Sound Vib2009; 326(3–5): 939–957.
34.
ZouYTongLStevenGP. Vibration-based model-dependent damage (delamination) identification and health monitoring for composite structures – a review. J Sound Vib2000; 230(2): 357–378.
35.
LuoHHanagudS. Delamination detection using dynamic characteristics of composite plates. Collect Tech Pap - AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Struct Struct Dyn Mater Conf1995; 1: 129–139.
36.
XuYFZhuWDLiuJ, et al. Identification of embedded horizontal cracks in beams using measured mode shapes. J Sound Vib2014; 333(23): 6273–6294.
37.
ManoachEWarminskiJKlodaL, et al. Numerical and experimental studies on vibration based methods for detection of damage in composite beams. Compos Struct2017; 170: 26–39.
38.
ThyagarajanSKSchulzMJPaiPF, et al. Detecting structural damage using frequency response functions. J Sound Vib1998; 210(1): 162–170.
39.
GhoshalAChattopadhyayASchulzMJ, et al. Experimental investigation of damage detection in composite material structures using a laser vibrometer and piezoelectric actuators. J Intell Mater Syst Struct2003; 14(8): 521–537.
40.
WaldronKGhoshalaASchulzMJ, et al. Damage detection using finite element and laser operational deflection shapes. Finite Elem Anal Des2002; 38(3): 193–226.
