The present paper introduces various topics and aspects of dynamic vulcanization as applied to thermoplastic elastomers. The classification of polymer blends and thermoplastic elastomers, the development of thermoplastic vulcanizates, and the use of various types of crosslinking systems (with special emphasis on peroxides/co-agents, and phenolic resins as crosslinking agents for PP/EPDM blends) are reviewed. The morphology and rheology of thermoplastic vulcanizates and their typical end-use applications are also touched upon.
References
1.
MansonJ.A. and SperlingL.H., “Polymer Blends and Composites”, Plenum Press, New York (1976).
2.
PaulD.R. and NewmanS. (Eds.), “Polymer Blends”, Vols. I and II, Academic Press, New York (1978).
3.
ShawM.T., Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, (1982) 115.
4.
RobesonL.M., Polym. Eng. Sci., 24, (1984) 587.
5.
UtrackiL.A., “Polymer Alloys and Blends – Thermodynamics and Rheology”, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1990).
6.
LeggeN.R., HoldenG. and SchroederH.E. (Eds.), “Thermoplastic Elastomer: A Comprehensive Review”, Hanser Publishers, Munich (1987).
7.
MorrisH.L., “Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1979).
8.
WalkerB.M. and RaderC.P. (Eds.), “Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1988).
9.
BhowmickA.K. and StephensH.L. (Eds.), “Handbook of Elastomers: New Developments and Technology”, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988).
10.
DeS.K. and BhowmickA.K. (Eds.), “Thermoplastic Elastomers from Rubber Plastic Blends”, Horwood, London (1990).
11.
ASTM D 5593 – 99: “Standard Classification for Thermoplastic Elastomers-Olefinic (TEO)”.
12.
ASTM D 5046 – 98: “Standard specification for Fully Crosslinked Elastomeric Alloys”.
13.
GesslerA.M. and HaslettW.H. (to Esso Research and Enginering Co.), U.S. 3,037,954 (05-06-1962).
14.
FisherW.K. (to Uniroyal, Inc.), U.S. 3,758,643 (11-09-1973).
15.
CoranA.Y., DasB. and PatelR.P. (to Monsanto Co.), U.S. 3,130,535 (19-12-1978).
16.
Abdou-SabetS. and FathM.A. (to Monsanto Co.), U.S. 4,311,628 (19-01-1982).
17.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 53, (1980) 141.
18.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 53, (1980) 781.
19.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 54, (1981) 91.
20.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 54, (1981) 892.
21.
CoranA.Y., PatelR. and WilliamsD., Rubber Chem. Technol., 55, (1982) 116.
22.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 56, (1983) 210.
23.
CoranA.Y. and PatelR., Rubber Chem. Technol., 56, (1983) 1045.
24.
CoranA.Y., Rubber Chem. Technol., 68, (1995) 369.
25.
PuydakR.C., HazeltonD.R. and OuhadiT. (to Advanced Elastomer Systems), U.S. 5,073,597 (17-12-1991).
26.
KuriakoseB. and DeS.K., Polym. Eng. Sci., 25, (1985) 10,630
27.
KuriakoseB., DeS.K., BhagawanS. S., SivaramkrishnanR. and AthithanS.K., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 32, (1986) 6,5509.
28.
TinkerA.J., paper presented at the Symposium on Thermoplastic Elastomers, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, October 1988, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
29.
Abdou-SabetS. and ShenK. (to Monsanto Co.), U.S. 4,594,390 (23-08-1982).
30.
KoningC., van DuinM., PagnoulleC. and JeromeR., “Strategies for Compatibilization of Polymer Blends”, Progress Pol. Sci., 23, (1998) 707.
31.
Van DuinM., “Crosslinking systems for EPDM/PP-based thermoplastic vulcanizates”, paper presented at the International Rubber Conference, June 2001, Birmingham, England.
32.
Lopez ManchadoM.A. and KennyJ.M., Rubber Chem. Technol., 74, (2001) 198.
33.
ChapmanA.V. and PorterM., Sulfur vulcanization Chemistry, in “Natural Rubber Science and Technology”, RobertsA.D. (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford (1988).
34.
KresjaM.R. and KoeningJ.L., Rubber Chem. Technol., 66, (1993) 376.
35.
OstromyslenskiI.I., J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., 47, (1915) 1467.
36.
OstromyslenskiI.I., Indian Rubb. Journal, 52, (1916) 470.
37.
ClassJ.B., “Fundamentals of Crosslinking with Peroxides”, Rubber and Plastics News, October 1995.
38.
HummelK., ScheeleW. and HillmerK.H., Kautsch. u. Gummi, 14, (1961) 171.
MedskerR.E., PatelR. and Abdou-SabetS. (to Advanced Elastomer Systems), U.S. 5,750,625 (09-06-1997).
73.
FritzH.G. and AnderlikR., Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 46, (1993) 374.
74.
UmplebyJ.D. (to Union Carbide Corporation), U.S. 4,803,244 (16-11-1987).
75.
QuirkJ.M. and KannerB. (to Union Carbide Corporation), U.S. 4,668,812 (31-12-1985).
76.
AvgeropoulosG.N. and WeissertF. C., Rubber Chem. Technol., 49, (1976) 93.
77.
DanesiS. and PorterR.S., Polymer, 19, (1978) 448.
78.
MinK., WhiteJ.L. and FellersJ.F., Polym. Eng. Sci., 24, (1984) 1327.
79.
WuS., Polym. Eng. Sci., 27, (1987) 335.
80.
FavisB.D. and TherrienD., Polymer, 32, (1991) 1474.
81.
JordhamoG.M., MansonJ.A. and SperlingL.H., Polym. Eng. Sci., 26, (1996) 517.
82.
RaduschH.J. and PhamT., Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 49, (1996) 249.
83.
KresgeE.N., in “Polymer blends”, Vol. I, PaulD. R. and NewmanS. (Eds.), Academic Press, New York (1978).
84.
Abdou-SabetS. and PatelR.P., Rubber Chem. Technol., 64, (1991) 769.
85.
Reijden-StolkC.V. D., “A study on deformation and break-up of dispersed particles in elongational flow”, Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands (1989).
86.
GraceH.P., Chem. Eng. Commun., 14, (1982) 225.
87.
KanauzovaA.A., RakhmatulinT.T., ReznichenkoS.V. and MorozovYu. L., “Effect of Polypropylene on the Properties of the Thermoplastic Ethylene-Propylene Vulcanizates”, Proceedings of International Rubber Conference, July 1–4, 2002, Prague, Czech Republic.
88.
D'orazioL., MancarellaC., MartuscelliE., SticottiG. and GhiselliniR., J. Appl. Pol. Sci., 53, (1994) 387.
89.
IlischS., MengeH. and RaduschH.J., Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 53, (2000) 206.
90.
KatbabA.A., NazockdastH. and BazgirS., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 75, (2000) 1127.
91.
GoharpeyF., KatbabA.A. and NazockdastH., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 81, (2001) 2531.
92.
EllulM.D., PatelJ. and TinkerA.D., Rubber Chem. Technol., 68, (1995) 575.
93.
SenguptaP., NoordermeerJ.W.M., SengersW.G.F. and GotsisA.D., paper presented at the ACS Rubber Division Meeting, April 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA.
94.
SolimanM., van DijkM, van EsM. and ShulmeisterV., paper presented at ANTEC, May 1999, New York, NY, USA.
95.
Abdou-SabetS., paper presented at the Symposium on Thermoplastic Elastomers, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, October 2000, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
96.
BoyceM.C., KearK., SocrateS. and ShawK., J. Mech. Phys. Sol., 49, (2001) 1073.
97.
BoyceM.C., KearK., SocrateS. and ShawK., J. Mech. Phys. Sol., 49, (2001) 1323.
98.
GoharpeyF., NazockdastH., KatbabA.A. and MousaviA., paper presented at PPS Congress, September 2003, Athens, Greece.
99.
DattaS., paper presented at the ACS Rubber Division Meeting, April 2000, Dallas, TE, USA.
100.
GoettlerL.A., RichwineJ.R. and WilleF.J., Rubber Chem. Technol., 55, (1982) 1449.
101.
KuriakoseB. and DeS. K., Polym. Eng. Sci., 25, (1985) 630.
102.
MathewI., GeorgeK.E. and FrancisD.J., Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 44, (1991) 450.
103.
HanP.K. and WhiteJ.L., Rubber Chem. Technol., 68, (1995) 728.
104.
SteemanP. and ZoeteliefW., paper presented at ANTEC, May 2000, Orlando, USA.
105.
EllulM.D., paper presented at the ACS Rubber Division Meeting, October 2001, Cleveland, OH, USA.
