The problem and the solution. Working adults report they experience greater challenges today in their ability to be productive employees, experience personal and interpersonal health and well-being, and make meaningful contributions as citizens to their respective communities. By better understanding work—life theory and research, human resource development professionals can contribute to the strategic development of policies, practices, programs, and interventions that appear to alleviate or ameliorate demands fostering greater work—life integration. Integration is a solution representing a holistic strategy including effective and efficient coordination of efforts and energies among all stakeholders sharing interest and benefits from workers being able to fulfill their personal, work, family, and community obligations.
Aldous, J. (1978). Family careers. New York: Wiley.
2.
Arthur, M.M., & Cook, A. (2003). The relationship between work—family human resource practices and firm profitability: A multi-theoretical perspective . Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 22, 219-252.
3.
Ashforth, B.E., Kreiner, G.E., & ., Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25, 472-491.
4.
Auslander, M. (2002). Rituals of the family. In Work—family encyclopedia. Chestnut Hill, MA: The Sloan Work and Family Research Network. Retrieved August 23, 2006, from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia.php?mode=nav&area=academics .
5.
Auslander, M. (2003). Rituals of the workplace. In Work—family encyclopedia. Chestnut Hill, MA: The Sloan Work and Family Research Network. Retrieved August 23, 2006, from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia.php?mode=nav&area=academics.
6.
Bailyn, L. (1997). The impact of corporate culture on work—family integration. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 209-219). Westport, CT: Quorum.
7.
Bailyn, L., Drago, R., & Kochan, T. (2001). Integrating work and family life: A holistic approach (Sloan Work—Family Policy Network report). Cambridge, MA: MIT Sloan School of Management.
8.
Bond, J.T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J.E. (1998). Synthesis of findings: The 1997 national study of the changing workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
9.
Boss, P. (2002). Family stress management: A contextual approach . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10.
Burr, W.R., Leigh, G.K., Day, R.E., & Constantine, J. (1979). Symbolic interaction and the family. In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, & I. L. Reiss (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family: General theories/theoretical orientations (Vol. 2, pp. 42-111). New York: Free Press.
11.
Cascio, W.F., & Young, C.E. (2005). Work—family balance: Does the market reward firms that respect it? In D. F. Halpern & S. E. Murphy (Eds.), From work—family balance to work—family interaction (pp. 49-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
12.
Chesley, N., Moen, P., & Shore R.P. (2001). The new technology climate: Work and family in the information age. In P. Moen (Ed.), It's about time: Couples' career strains, strategies, and successes (pp. 220-241). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
13.
Christensen, P.M. (1997). Toward a comprehensive work—life strategy . In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 25-37). Westport, CT: Quorum.
14.
Clark, S.C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747-770.
15.
Crooker, K.J., Smith, F.L., & Tabak, F. (2002). Creating work—life balance: A model of pluralism across life domains. Human Resource Development Review, 1, 387-419.
16.
Duvall, E., & Miller, B. (1985). Marriage and family development. New York: Harper & Row.
17.
Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs . Academy of Management Review, 25, 178-199.
18.
Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. (2005). Work and family stress and well-being: An integrative model of person—environment fit within and between the work and family domains. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 151-169). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19.
Epstein, N.B., Bishop, D., & Baldwin, L.M. (1982). McMaster model of family functioning: A view of the normal family. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family process (pp. 115-141). New York: Guilford.
20.
Friedman, S., Christensen, P., & DeGroot, J. (1998, November-December). Work and life: The end of the zero-sum game. Harvard Business Review, pp. 119-129.
21.
Friedman, S., & Greenhaus, J. (2000). Work and family—Allies or enemies: What happens when business professionals confront life choices. New York: Oxford.
22.
Friedman, D.E. & Johnson, A.A. (1997). Moving from programs to culture change: The next stage for the corporate work—family agenda. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 192-208). Westport, CT: Quorum.
23.
Frone, M.R. (2003). Work—family balance. In J. C. Quick & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143-162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association .
24.
Galinsky, E., & Johnson, A.A. (1998). Reframing the business case for work—life initiatives (Families and Work Institute Pub. No. W98-02). New York: Families and Work Institute.
25.
Googins, B.K. (1997). Shared responsibility for managing work and family relationships: A community perspective. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 220-231). Westport, CT: Quorum.
26.
Grandey, A.A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work—family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 350-370.
27.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles . Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
28.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Parasuraman, S. (1997). The integration of work and family life: Barriers and solutions. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 232-240). Westport, CT: Quorum.
29.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work—family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.
30.
Grzywacz, J.G. (2000). Work—family spillover and health during midlife: Is managing conflict everything?American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 236-243.
31.
Grzywacz, J.G. (2002, February). Toward a theory of work—family facilitation. Paper presented at the 2002 Persons, Processes, and Places: Research on Families, Workplaces, and Communities Conference , San Francisco, California.
32.
Gutek, B.A. (1997). Services and work-and-family life. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 77-90). Westport, CT : Quorum.
33.
Higgins, C., Duxbury, L., & Lee, C. (1994). Impact of life-cycle stage and gender on the ability to balance work and family responsibilities. Family Relations , 43, 144-150.
34.
Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift. New York : Viking.
35.
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kofodimos, J.R. (1995). Beyond work—family programs: Confronting and resolving the underlying causes of work—personal life conflict. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
38.
Langdon, D.G. (1999). Selecting interventions. In D. G. Langdon, K. S. Whiteside , & M. M. McKenna (Eds.), Intervention resource guide (pp. 15-25). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
39.
Lobel, S.A., & Kossek, E.E. (1996). Human resource strategies to support diversity in work and personal lifestyles: Beyond the “family-friendly” organization. In E. E. Kossek & S. Lobel (Eds.), Managing diversity: Human resource strategies for transforming the workplace (pp. 221-244). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
40.
Madsen, S.R. (2003). The effects of home-based teleworking on work—family conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14, 35-58.
41.
Marchese, M.C., Bassham, G., & Ryan, J. (2002). Work—family conflict: A virtue ethics analysis . Journal of Business Ethics, 40, 145-154.
42.
Mattesich, P., & Monsey, B. (1997). Community building: What makes it work. St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation.
43.
McCubbin, H.I., & Patterson, J.M. (1983). Family transitions: Adaptation to stress. In H. I. McCubbin & C. R. Figley (Eds.), Stress and the family: Coping with normative transitions (Vol. 1, pp. 5-25). New York: Routledge.
44.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45.
Nelson, L., Ramsey, C., & Verner, C. (1960). Community structure and change. New York: Macmillan.
46.
Noor, N.M. (2002). Work—family conflict, locus of control, and women's well-being: Tests of alternative pathways. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 645-662.
47.
Olson, D.H., & DeFrain, J. (1997). Marriage and the family: Diversity and strengths . Mountain View: CA: Mayfield.
48.
Orbst, P., & White, K. (2004). Revisiting the sense of community index: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 691-705.
Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J.H. (1997). The changing world of work and family. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world (pp. 3-14). Westport, CT: Praeger.
51.
Perry-Jenkins, M., Repetti, R.L., & Crouter, A.C. (2000). Work and family in the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 981-998.
52.
Pleck, J.H. (1977). The work—family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417-427.
53.
Polach, J. (2003). HRD's role in work—life integration issues: Moving the workforce to a change in mindset. Human Resource Development International, 6, 57-68.
54.
Rapoport, R., Bailyn, L., Fletcher, J.K., & Pruitt, B.H. (2002). Beyond work—family balance: Advancing gender equity and workplace performance. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
55.
Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10, 282-298.
56.
Strong, B., Devault, C., Sayad, B.W., & Cohen, T.F. (2001). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
57.
Sutton, K.A., & Noe, R.A. (2005). Family-friendly programs and work—life integration: More myth than magic? In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives (pp. 151-169). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
58.
Thompson, J.A., & Bunderson, J.S. (2001). Work—nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time: Beyond the balance metaphor. Work and Occupations, 28, 17-39.
59.
U.S. Census Bureau. (1995). Statistical abstract of the United States (115th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60.
Voydanoff, P. (2001). Conceptualizing community in the context of work and family. Community, Work, & Family, 4, 133-156.
61.
Voydanoff, P. (2002). Linkages between the work—family interface and work, family, and individual outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 138-164.
62.
Voydanoff, P. (2005). The effects of community demands, resources, and strategies on the nature and consequence of the work—family interface: An agenda for future research. Family Relations, 54, 583-595.
63.
Wallen, J. (2002). Balancing work and family: The role of the workplace . Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon .
64.
Way, W.L. (1991). Frameworks for examining work—family relationships within the context of home economics education. In G. Felstehausen & J. B. Schultz (Eds.), Work and family educational implications (pp. 1-23). Peoria, IL: Macmillian/McGraw-Hill.
65.
Zedeck, S. (1992). Work, families, and organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
