Human resource development (HRD) is a dynamic field requiring multilevel considerations in the use and development of theory and theory-building approaches. Despite considerable support in HRD literature for systems and multilevel perspectives, commonly featured general theory-building models do not overtly include or integrate related considerations. It is has been argued by scholars that failures to address inherent levels across HRD have led to reductionism and a micro—macro divide that is, in the long run, an ineffective dichotomy leading to a focus on either large system or individual issues in HRD. Theorizing holistically about multiple levels concurrently has been advocated by HRD scholars as a realistic approach to the naturalistic work environment. Three multilevel theory-building frameworks are introduced, explored, and critiqued as important developments for HRD. Recommendations for advancing HRD theory building based on the aforementioned multilevel theory-building examination are outlined.
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