Because of the intrinsic complexity, the classification of wounds is important for the diagnosis, management, and choosing the correct treatment based on wound type. Generally, burn injuries are classified as a class of wounds in which injury is caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. On the other hand, wound healing is a complex process, and understanding the biological trend of this process and differences in the healing process of different wounds could reduce the possible risk in many cases and greatly reduce the future damage to the injured tissue and other organs. The aim of this review is to provide a general perspective for the burn wound location among the other types of injuries and summarizing as well as highlighting the differences of these types of wounds with emphasizing on factors affecting thereof.
RangarajuLPKunapuliGEveryDAyalaODGanapathyPMahadevan-JansenAJB. Classification of burn injury using Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography: an ex-vivo study on porcine skin. Burns. 2019;45:659-670.
5.
SowaMGLeonardiLPayetteJRCrossKMGomezMFishJS. Classification of burn injuries using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11:054002.
6.
MaoX. Evaluation of Chronic Wounds by Raman Spectroscopy and Image Processing [thesis]. Drexel University; 2012.
7.
DevaneyLRowellKS. Improving surgical wound classification—why it matters. AORN J. 2004;80:208-209,212-223.
8.
RussellL. The importance of wound documentation and classification. Br J Nurs. 1999;8:1342-1354.
9.
Irfan-MaqsoodM. Classification of wounds: know before research and clinical practice. Cells Ther Regen Med J. 2018;4:79-82.
10.
DiMaioVJM. Introduction to the classification of gunshot wounds. In: Gunshot Wounds. Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques. 3rd ed.CRC Press; 2015:80-131.
11.
WeaverMLHicksCWCannerJK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and Foot Infection (WIfI) classification system predicts wound healing better than direct angiosome perfusion in diabetic foot wounds. J Vasc Surg. 2018;68:1473-1481.
12.
PercivalNJ. Classification of wounds and their management. Surgery (Oxford). 2002;20:114-117.
13.
BaranoskiSAyelloEA. Wound Care Essentials: Practice Principles. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
14.
KrasnerD. Wound care how to use the red-yellow-black system. Am J Nurs. 1995;95:44-47.
15.
TiwariVK. Burn wound: how it differs from other wounds?Indian J Plast Surg. 2012;45:364-373.
16.
AchaBSerranoCAchaJIRoaLM. Segmentation and classification of burn images by color and texture information. J Biomed Opt. 2005;10:034014.
17.
ChardR. Wound classifications. AORN J. 2008;88:108-110.
18.
GomezRCancioLC. Management of burn wounds in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007;25:135-146.
KaganRJPeckMDAhrenholzDH, et al. Surgical management of the burn wound and use of skin substitutes: an expert panel white paper. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34:e60-e79.
21.
MorganEDBledsoeSCBarkerJ. Ambulatory management of burns. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:2015-2026, 2029-2030, 2032.
22.
LewisSMHeitkemperMMDirksenSRO’BrienPGBucherL. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Mosby Elsevier; 2007.
23.
CassidyJTPhillipsMFatovichDDukeJEdgarDWoodF. Developing a Burn Injury Severity Score (BISS): adding age and total body surface area burned to the Injury Severity Score (ISS) improves mortality concordance. Burns. 2014;40:805-813.
24.
LionelliGPickusEBeckumODecourseyRKorentagerR. A three decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly. Burns. 2005;31:958-963.
25.
KirsnerRSEaglsteinWH. The wound healing process. Dermatol Clin. 1993;11:629-640.
26.
VelnarTBaileyTSmrkoljV. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int Med Res. 2009;37:1528-1542.
27.
SinnoHPrakashS. Complements and the wound healing cascade: an updated review. Plast Surg Int. 2013;2013:146764.
BroughtonG2ndJanisJEAttingerCE. The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7 suppl):12S-34S.
30.
LandénNXLiDStåhleM. Transition from inflammation to proliferation: a critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73:3861-3885.
31.
FoncerradaGCapekKDHerndonDNLeeJOSirventRZFinnertyCC. The state of the art on burn wound healing. J Avid Sci. 2017;1:4-52.
32.
KamolzLPJeschkeMJHorchREKüntscherMBrychtaP. Handbook of Burns: Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. Vol 2. Springer; 2012:47-54.
33.
HettiaratchySDziewulskiP. ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns. BMJ. 2004;328:1427-1429.
34.
FishelRSBarbulABeschornerWEWasserkrugHLEfronG. Lymphocyte participation in wound healing. Morphologic assessment using monoclonal antibodies. Ann Surg. 1987;206:25-29.
35.
AndreasenJOAndreasenFMAnderssonL. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. John Wiley; 2013.
NguyenTTMobasherySChangM. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cutaneous wound healing. In: AlexandrescuV, ed. Wound Healing—New Insights Into Ancient Challenges. InTech; 2016:37-71.
38.
PastarIStojadinovicOYinNC, et al. Epithelialization in wound healing: a comprehensive review. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014;3:445-464.
39.
RowanMPCancioLCElsterEA, et al. Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements. Crit Care. 2015;19:243.
40.
XueMJacksonCJ. Extracellular matrix reorganization during wound healing and its impact on abnormal scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015;4:119-136.
41.
TracyLEMinasianRACatersonE. Extracellular matrix and dermal fibroblast function in the healing wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2016;5:119-136.
42.
DarbyIALaverdetBBontéFDesmoulièreA. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:301-311.
43.
LiBWangJH. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in wound healing: force generation and measurement. J Tissue Viability. 2011;20:108-120.
44.
Carr-CollinsJ. Pressure techniques for the prevention of hypertrophic scar. Clin Plast Surg. 1992;19:733-743.
45.
de ChalainTTangCThomsonHG. Burn area color changes after superficial burns in childhood: can they be predicted?J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998;19(1 pt 1):39-49.
46.
GreenhalghDG. A primer on pigmentation. J Burn Care Res. 2015;36:247-257.
47.
GroverRMorganBD. Management of hypopigmentation following burn injury. Burns. 1996;22:627-630.
KaufmanTAlexanderJWMacMillanBG. Topical oxygen and burn wound healing: a review. Burns. 1983;9:169-173.
51.
BilicIPetriNBezicJ, et al. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on experimental burn wound healing in rats: a randomized controlled study. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2005;32:1-9.
52.
SenCK. Wound healing essentials: let there be oxygen. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17:1-18.
53.
HongWXHuMSEsquivelM, et al. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor in wound healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014;3:390-399.
54.
SingerAJMcClainSATairaBRGuerrieroJLZongW. Apoptosis and necrosis in the ischemic zone adjacent to third degree burns. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:549-554.
55.
LundTOnarheimHReedRK. Pathogenesis of edema formation in burn injuries. World J Surg. 1992;16:2-9.
56.
RaniMSchwachaMG. Aging and the pathogenic response to burn. Aging Dis. 2012;3:171-180.
57.
BayuoJBotchwayAE. Burns among older persons: a narrative review. Burns Open. 2017;1:2-8
58.
LinnBS. Age differences in the severity and outcome of burns. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1980;28:118-123.
59.
GarciaLPHuangACorlewDS, et al. Factors affecting burn contracture outcome in developing countries: a review of 2506 patients. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;77:290-296.
60.
ChangEJEdelmanLSMorrisSESaffleJR. Gender influences on burn outcomes in the elderly. Burns. 2005;31:31-35.
61.
RanganathanKPetersonJAgarwalS, et al. Role of gender in burn-induced heterotopic ossification and mesenchymal cell osteogenic differentiation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:1631-1641.
62.
KarimiKFaraklasILewisG, et al. Increased mortality in women: sex differences in burn outcomes. Burns Trauma. 2017;5:18.
63.
ClarkAImranJMadniTWolfSE. Nutrition and metabolism in burn patients. Burns Trauma. 2017;5:11.
64.
DemlingRH. Nutrition, anabolism, and the wound healing process: an overview. Eplasty. 2009;9:e9.
65.
Ireton-JonesC. Nutrition support for the critically ill patient: a guide to practice. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21:536.
66.
GoutosINicholasRSPandyaAAGhoshSJ. Diabetes mellitus and burns. Part II—outcomes from burn injuries and future directions. Int J Burns Trauma. 2015;5:13-21.
67.
MaghsoudiHAghamohammadzadehNKhaliliN. Burns in diabetic patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2008;28:19-25.
68.
KimJWLimCWKimB. Effects of nicotine on corneal wound healing following acute alkali burn. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0179982.
69.
GhalamborAPipelzadehM. Effect of smoking on autograft take in burn wounds. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2001;15:129-132.
70.
DavisCSEspositoTJPalladino-DavisAG, et al. Implications of alcohol intoxication at the time of burn and smoke inhalation injury: an epidemiologic and clinical analysis. J Burn Care Res. 2013;34:120-126.
71.
KraftRHerndonDNWilliamsFNAl-MousawiAMFinnertyCCJeschkeMG. The effect of obesity on adverse outcomes and metabolism in pediatric burn patients. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:485-490.
72.
GoutosISadideenHPandyaAAGhoshSJ. Obesity and burns. J Burn Care Res. 2012;33:471-482.
73.
GottschlichMMMayesTKhouryJCWardenGD. Significance of obesity on nutritional, immunologic, hormonal, and clinical outcome parameters in burns. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:1261-1268.
74.
GouinJPKiecolt-GlaserJK. The impact of psychological stress on wound healing: methods and mechanisms. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2011;31:81-93.
75.
UptonDMorganJAndrewsALumentaDBGiretzlehnerMKamolzLP. The pain and stress of wound treatment in patients with burns: an international burn specialist perspective. Wounds. 2013;25:199-204.
76.
JainMKhadilkarNDe SousaA. Burn-related factors affecting anxiety, depression and self-esteem in burn patients: an exploratory study. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2017;30:30-34.
77.
HeimbachDMAfromowitzMAEngravLHMarvinJAPerryB. Burn depth estimation—man or machine. J Trauma. 1984;24:373-378.
78.
RiordanCLMcDonoughMDavidsonJM, et al. Noncontact laser Doppler imaging in burn depth analysis of the extremities. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24:177-186.
79.
HeimbachDEngravLGrubeBMarvinJ. Burn depth: a review. World J Surg. 1992;16:10-15.
80.
KloppenbergFBeerthuizenGten DuisHJB. Perfusion of burn wounds assessed by laser Doppler imaging is related to burn depth and healing time. Burns. 2001;27:359-363.
81.
BrayRForresterKLeonardCMcArthurRTulipJLindsayRJB. Laser Doppler imaging of burn scars: a comparison of wavelength and scanning methods. Burns. 2003;29:199-206.
82.
VenclauskieneABaseviciusAZacharevskijEVaicekauskasVRimdeikaRLukoseviciusS. Laser Doppler imaging as a tool in the burn wound treatment protocol. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne. 2014;9:24-30.
83.
NogueiraVCRanieroLCostaGBde Freitas CoelhoNPMMirandaFCArisawaEÂ. Comparative study of morphometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses of the collagen fibers in the repair process of cutaneous lesions. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2016;5:55-64.
84.
BelbachirKNoreenRGouspillouGPetiboisC. Collagen types analysis and differentiation by FTIR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;395:829-837.
85.
BoskeyACamachoNP. FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage. Biomaterials. 2007;28:2465-2478.
86.
RieppoLSaarakkalaSNärhiTHelminenHJJurvelinJSRieppoJ. Application of second derivative spectroscopy for increasing molecular specificity of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:451-459.
87.
CastroPLimaCZornTMTZezellDM. FTIR spectroscopy: an optical method to study wound healing process. Paper presented at: Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference; November 12-15, 2018; Lima, Peru.
88.
CastroPZornTZezellD. Biochemical characterization of skin burn wound healing using ATR-FTIR. Paper presented at: 2018 SBFoton International Optics and Photonics Conference (SBFoton IOPC); October 8-10, 2018; Campinas, Brazil.
89.
SowaMGKuoWCKoACArmstrongDG. Review of near-infrared methods for wound assessment. J Biomed Opt. 2016;21:091304.
90.
SrinivasSMde BoerJFParkBH, et al. Determination of burn depth by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2004;9:207-212.
91.
Choo-SmithLPEdwardsHEndtzHP, et al. Medical applications of Raman spectroscopy: from proof of principle to clinical implementation. Biopolymers. 2002;67:1-9.
92.
LuiHZhaoJMcLeanDZengH. Real-time Raman spectroscopy for in vivo skin cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res. 2012;72:2491-2500.
93.
BonchevaMDe SterkeJCaspersPJPuppelsGJ. Depth profiling of stratum corneum hydration in vivo: a comparison between conductance and confocal Raman spectroscopic measurements. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:870-876.
94.
PetersonJROkagbarePIDe La RosaS, et al. Early detection of burn induced heterotopic ossification using transcutaneous Raman spectroscopy. Bone. 2013;54:28-34.
