Ca 2+ Influx Does Not Trigger Glucose-Induced Traffic of the Insulin Granules and Alteration of Their Distribution

This study investigated mechanisms by which glucose increases readily releasable secretory granules via acting on preexocytotic steps, i.e., intracellular granule movement and granule access to the plasma membrane using a pancreatic β-cell line, MIN6. Glucose-induced activation of the movement occurred at a substimulatory concentration with regard to insulin output. Glucose activation of the movement was inhibited by pretreatment with thapsigargin plus acetylcholine to suppress intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization. Inhibitors of calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase also suppressed glucose activation of the movement. Simultaneous addition of glucose with Ca²⁺ channel blockers or the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel opener diazoxide failed to suppress the traffic activation, and addition of these substances on top of glucose stimulation resulted in a further increase. Although stimulatory glucose had minimal changes in the intracellular granule distribution, inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx revealed increases by glucose of the granules in the cell periphery. In contrast, high K⁺ depolarization decreased the peripheral granules. Glucose-induced granule margination was abolished when the protein kinase C activity was downregulated. These findings indicate that preexocytotic control of insulin release is regulated by distinct mechanisms from Ca²⁺ influx, which triggers insulin exocytosis. The nature of the regulation by glucose may explain a part of potentiating effects of the hexose independent of the closure of the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel.