Intelligent Tutoring Systems have been useful for individual instruction and training, but have not been widely created for teams, despite the widespread use of team training and learning in groups. This paper reviews two projects that developed team tutors: the Team Multiple Errands Task (TMET) and the Recon Task developed using the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT). Specifically, this paper 1) analyzes why team tasks have significantly more complexity than an individual task, 2) describes the two team-based platforms for team research, and 3) explores the complexities of team tutor authoring. Results include a recommended process for authoring a team intelligent tutoring system based on our lessons learned that highlights the differences between tutors for individuals and team tutors.
References
1.
AldermanN.BurgessP. W.KnightC.HenmanC. (2003). Ecological validity of a simplified version of the multiple errands shopping test. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(01), 31-44.
BonnerD.GilbertS.DorneichM. C.BurkeS.WaltonJ.RayC.WinerE. (2015, February). Taxonomy of Teams, Team Tasks, and Tutors. In Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) Users Symposium (GIFTSym2) (p. 189).
4.
DeShonR. P.KozlowskiS. W.SchmidtA. M.MilnerK. R.WiechmannD.
(2004). A multiple-goal, multilevel model of feedback effects on the regulation of individual and team performance. Journal of applied psychology, 89(6), 1035.
5.
FariaL.SilvaA.ValeZ.MarquesA. (2009). Training control centers' operators in incident diagnosis and power restoration using intelligent tutoring systems. Learning Technologies, IEEE Transactions on, 2(2), 135-147.
6.
GabelicaC.BosscheP.Van Den SegersM.GijselaersW. (2012). Feedback, a powerful lever in teams: A review. Educational Research Review, 7(2), 123–144. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2011.11.003
7.
JohnstonJ. H.SerfatyD.FreemanJ. (2003). Performance measurement for diagnosing and debriefing distributed command and control teams. NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND ORLANDO FL TRAINING SYSTEMS DIV..
8.
KnightC.AldermanN.BurgessP. W. (2002). Development of a simplified version of the multiple errands test for use in hospital settings.Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12(3), 231-255.
9.
KoedingerK. R.AndersonJ. R.HadleyW. H.MarkM. A. (1997). Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city.
10.
KozlowskiS. W. J.IlgenD. R. (2006). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), 77–124. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x
11.
HattieJ.TimperleyH. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of educational research, 77(1), 81-112.
12.
MorrisonJ. E.MelizaL. L. (1999). Foundations of the after action review process (No. IDA/HQ-D2332). Institute For Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA.
13.
RandD.RukanS. B. A.WeissP. L.KatzN. (2009). Validation of the Virtual MET as an assessment tool for executive functions.Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 19(4), 583-602.
14.
NadlerD. A. (1979). The effects of feedback on task group behavior: A review of the experimental research. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(3), 309-338
15.
SalasE.BurkeC. S.FowlkesJ. E.PriestH. A. (2004). On measuring teamwork skills. Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, 4, 427-442.
16.
ShalliceT.BurgessP. W. (1991). Deficits in Strategy Application Following Frontal Lobe Damage in Man. Brain, 114, 727–741.
17.
SinghV.DongA.GeroJ. S. (2012). Computational studies to understand the role of social learning in team familiarity and its effects on team performance. CoDesign, 8(1), 25-41.
18.
SottilareR. A.BrawnerK. W.GoldbergB. S.HoldenH. K. (2012). The generalized intelligent framework for tutoring (GIFT).
19.
SottilareR. A.HoldenH. K.BrawnerK. W.GoldbergB. S. (2011).Challenges and emerging concepts in the development of adaptive, computer-based tutoring systems for team training. Army Research Lab Human Research And Engineering Directorate.
20.
SottilareR. A.JohnstonJ.BurkeJ.SalasE.SinatraA.HoldenH. (2015, December) Antecedents of Adaptive Collaborative Learning Environments Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference 2015
21.
WaltonJ.BonnerD.WalkerK.MaterS.DorneichM.GilbertS.WestR. (2015, February). The Team Multiple Errands Test: A Platform to Evaluate Distributed Teams. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 247-250). ACM.
22.
WaltonJ. (2015). Comparing team feedback in a Team Multiple Errands Test (Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University).
23.
ZacharyW.Cannon-BowersJ. A.BilazarianP.KreckerD. K.LardieriP. J.BurnsJ. (1998). The Advanced Embedded Training System (AETS): An intelligent embedded tutoring system for tactical team training. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (IJAIED), 10, 257-277.
