Gel Phase Formation at Resin-modified Glass-ionomer/Tooth Interfaces

Abstract

Ionic bonding between polyalkenoic acid and hydroxyapatite may explain the excellent bonding retention of glass-ionomers in clinical trials. We have here investigated the extent to which the self-adhesiveness of resin-modified glass-ionomers (RMGIs) can be attributed to this chemical bonding capacity. Therefore, the interaction of 3 RMGIs with tooth substrates was comprehensively characterized, with electron and atomic force microscopy correlated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interfacial ultrastructural analysis for 2 RMGIs disclosed a shallow hybridization of hydroxyapatite-coated collagen, on which a submicron gel phase was deposited through reaction of the polyalkenoic acid with calcium extracted from the dentin surface. One RMGI, however, bonded to dentin without hybrid layer or gel phase formation. XPS indicated that polycarboxylic acids included in the RMGIs electrostatically interacted with hydroxyapatite. We conclude that the self-adhesiveness of RMGIs should be attributed to ionic bonding to hydroxyapatite around collagen, and to micro-mechanical interlocking for those RMGIs that additionally hybridize dentin.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Coutinho E, Van Landuyt K, De Munck J, Poitevin A, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, et al. (2006). Development of a self-etch adhesive for resin-modified glass-ionomers. J Dent Res 85:349–353.

Davidson CL, Mjör IA (1999). Advances in glass-ionomer cements. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing.

De Munck J, Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P (2004). Four-year water degradation of a resin-modified glass-ionomer adhesive bonded to dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 112:73–83.

Es-Souni M, Fischer-Brandies H, Zaporojshenko V, Es-Souni M (2002). On the interaction of polyacrylic acid as a conditioning agent with bovine enamel. Biomaterials 23:2871–2878.

Ferrari M, Davidson CL (1997). Interdiffusion of a traditional glass ionomer cement into conditioned dentin. Am J Dent 10:295–297.

Gordan VV, Boyer D, Söderholm KJ (1998). Enamel and dentine shear bond strength of two resin modified glass ionomers and two resin based adhesives. J Dent 26:497–503.

Inoue S, Van Meerbeek B, Abe Y, Yoshida Y, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G, et al. (2001). Effect of remaining dentin thickness and the use of conditioner on micro-tensile bond strength of a glass-ionomer adhesive. Dent Mater 17:445–455.

Mitra SB (1991). Adhesion to dentin and physical properties of a light-cured glass-ionomer liner/base. J Dent Res 70:72–74.

Mount GJ (1991). Adhesion of glass-ionomer cement in the clinical environment. Oper Dent 16:141–148.

10.

Nakabayashi N, Pashley DH (1998). Hybridization of dental hard tissues. Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing.

11.

Ngo H, Mount GJ, Peters MC (1997). A study of glass-ionomer cement and its interface with enamel and dentin using a low-temperature, high-resolution scanning electron microscopic technique. Quintessence Int 28:63–69.

12.

Perdigão J (1995). An ultra-morphological study of human dentine exposed to adhesive systems (dissertation). Leuven, Belgium: Catholic University of Leuven.

13.

Peumans M, Kanumilli P, De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B (2005). Clinical effectiveness of contemporary adhesives: a systematic review of current clinical trials. Dent Mater 21:864–881.

14.

Sano H, Yoshiyama M, Ebisu S, Burrow MF, Takatsu T, Ciucchi B, et al. (1995). Comparative SEM and TEM observations of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent 20:160–167.

15.

Shimada Y, Kondo Y, Inokoshi S, Tagami J, Antonucci JM (1999). Demineralizing effect of dental cements on human dentin. Quintessence Int 30:267–273.

16.

Sidhu SK, Watson TF (1998). Interfacial characteristics of resin-modified glass-ionomer materials: a study on fluid permeability using confocal fluorescence microscopy. J Dent Res 77:1749–1759.

17.

Tay FR, Smales RJ, Ngo H, Wei SH, Pashley DH (2001). Effect of different conditioning protocols on adhesion of a GIC to dentin. J Adhes Dent 3:153–167.

18.

Tay FR, Sidhu SK, Watson TF, Pashley DH (2004). Water-dependent interfacial transition zone in resin-modified glass-ionomer cement/dentin interfaces. J Dent Res 83:644–649.

19.

Titley KC, Smith DC, Chernecky R (1996). SEM observations of the reactions of the components of a light-activated glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cement on bovine dentine. J Dent 24:411–416.

20.

Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G, Duke ES, Eick JD, et al. (1998). A TEM study of two water-based adhesive systems bonded to dry and wet dentin. J Dent Res 77:50–59.

21.

Van Meerbeek B, Vargas M, Inoue S, Yoshida Y, Perdigão J, Lambrechts P, et al. (2000). Microscopy investigations. Techniques, results, limitations. Am J Dent 13:3D–18D.

22.

Van Meerbeek B, De Munck J, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Vargas M, Vijay P, et al. (2003). Buonocore Memorial Lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: current status and future challenges. Oper Dent 28:215–235.

23.

Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Snauwaert J, Hellemans L, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G, et al. (1999). A novel approach for AFM characterization of adhesive tooth-biomaterial interfaces. J Biomed Mater Res 47:85–90.

24.

Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Nakayama Y, Snauwaert J, Hellemans L, Lambrechts P, et al. (2000). Evidence of chemical bonding at biomaterial-hard tissue interfaces. J Dent Res 79:709–714.

25.

Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Nakayama Y, Yoshioka M, Snauwaert J, Abe Y, et al. (2001). Adhesion to and decalcification of hydroxyapatite by carboxylic acids. J Dent Res 80:1565–1569.