Both tissue engineering and biomaterials have made tremendous strides recently, yet major questions remain unanswered. Tissue-engineered products have come to the market; others are in development. A fundamental issue that informatics could address for tissue engineering is to describe and to predict the cascade of biochemical and cellular reactions that occur as a function of time and implant material: surface texture, microporosity; pore size, density, and connectivity; and three-dimensional configuration. Behavior of ceramics, a subset of tissue-engineering scaffold materials and a mainstay of dental restorations, has been studied extensively for very thin layers and for thicknesses greater than 2 mm. Until recently, little has been known about dentally relevant thickness of 1–2 mm. Results have been surprising and are continuing to develop. Still, at least one fundamental question remains that could be addressed by informatics techniques: Where, along the spectrum of flat-polished material to 10-year clinical in vivo study, can we test to predict clinical performance of all-ceramic crowns accurately?
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agrawal CM, Ray RB (2001). Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res55:141–150.
2.
Albrektsson T, Hansson HA, Ivarsson B (1985). Interface analysis of titanium and zirconium bone implants. Biomaterials6:97–101.
3.
Batzer R, Liu Y, Cochran DL, Szmuckler-Moncler S, Dean DD, Boyan BD, et al. (1998). Prostaglandins mediate the effects of titanium surface roughness on MG63 osteoblast-like cells and alter cell responsiveness to 1α,25-(OH)2D3. J Biomed Mater Res41:489–496.
4.
Bochard R, Erpenstein H, Kerschbaum T (1998). Langzeitergebnisse von glavanokeramischen und glaskeramischen (Dicor®) Einzelkronen unter klinischen Bedingungen. Dtsch Zahrnärztl Z53:616–619.
5.
Boyan BD, Schwartz Z (2000). Modulation of osteogenesis via implant surface design. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 232–239.
6.
Boyan BD, Batzer R, Kieswetter K, Liu Y, Cochran DL, Szmuckler-Moncler S, et al. (1998). Titanium surface roughness alters responsiveness of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to 1α,25-(OH)2D3. J Biomed Mater Res39:77–85.
7.
Brunette DM (1986). Spreading and orientation of epithelial cells on grooved substrata. Exp Cell Res167:203–217.
8.
Brunette DM, Chehroudi B (1999). The effects of the surface topography of micromachined titanium substrata on cell behavior in vitro and in vivo. J Biomech Eng121:49–57.
9.
Chehroudi B, Gould T, Brunette DM (1990). Titanium-coated micromachined grooves of different dimensions affect epithelial and connective-tissue cells differently in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res24:1203–1219.
10.
Chen CS, Mrksich M, Huang S, Whitesides GM, Ingber DE (1997). Geometric control of cell life and death. Science276:1425–1428.
11.
Clark P, Connolly P (1987). Topographical control of cell behaviour. I. Simple step cues. Development99:439–448.
12.
Clark P, Connolly P, Curtis AS, Dow JA, Wickinson CD (1990). Topographical control of cell behaviour: II. Multiple grooved substrata. Development108:635–644.
13.
Davies JE (1988). In vitro assessment of bone biocompatibility. Int Endod J21:178–187.
14.
de Bruijn JD, Yuan H, et al. (2000). Osteoinductive biomimetic calcium-phosphate coatings and their potential use as tissue-engineering scaffolds. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 421–431.
15.
Deng Y (2003). Failure modes and materials design for biomechanical layer structures (PhD thesis). College Park: University of Maryland.
16.
Dike LE, Chen CS, Mrksich M, Tien J, Whitesides GM, Ingber DE (1999). Geometric control of switching between growth, apoptosis, and differentiation during angiogenesis using micropatterned substrates. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim35:441–448.
17.
Dutta Roy T (2003). Tissue response to hydroyapatite scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing (PhD thesis). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University.
18.
Dutta Roy T, Patterson J, Chesmel K, Rekow ED, Thompson VP, Ricci JL, et al. (2003). Degradable composite bone repair products made by 3Dimensional fabrication techniques. J Biomed Mater Res66(A):283–291.
19.
Ferracane JL, Matsumoto H, Okabe T (1985). Time-dependent deformation of composite resins—compositional considerations. J Dent Res64:1332–1336.
20.
Fialkov J, Holy CE, Antonyshyn O (2000). Strategies for bone substitutes in craniofacial surgery. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 548–557.
21.
Folkman J, Moscona A (1978). Role of cell shape in growth control. Nature273:345–349.
22.
Fradeani M, Aquilano A, Corrado M (2002). Clinical experience with In-Ceram spinell crowns: 5-year follow-up. Int J Periodont Rest Dent22:525–533.
23.
Frenkel SR, Alexander H, Dennis M, Ricci JL (1999). Effects of microgeometry and growth factor treatment on osseointegration of metallic implant surfaces (abstract). Trans Orthop Res Soc24:891.
24.
Frenkel SR, Simon J, Alexander H, Dennis M, Ricci JL (2002). Osseointegration on metallic implant surfaces: effects of microgeometry and growth factor treatment. J Biomed Mater Res63:706–713.
25.
Gemmell C, Park J (2000). Initial blood interactions with endosseous implant materials. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 108–117.
26.
Grew JC, Ricci JL (2000). Cytoskeletal organization in three fibroblast variants cultured on micropatterned surfaces (abstract). Trans Sixth World Congress on BiomaterialsIII:1006.
27.
Grew JC, Ricci JL, Teitelbaum A-H, Charvet JL (1997). Effects of surface microgeometry on fibroblast shape and cytoskeleton (abstract). Trans Soc Biomater20:32.
28.
Grew JC, Frenkel SR, Goldwyn E, Herman T, Ricci JL (1998). Cytological characteristics of 3T3 fibroblasts cultured on micropatterned substrates (abstract). Trans Soc Biomater21:40.
29.
Grossman DG (1991). Structure and physical properties of Dicor/MGC glass-ceramic. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Restorations. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co.
30.
Guenard V, Valentini RF, Aebischer P (1991). Influence of surface texture of polymeric sheets on peripheral nerve regeneration in a two-compartment guidance system. Biomaterials12:259–263.
31.
Haddad R, Cook S, Thomas KA (1987). Biological fixation of porous-coated implants. J Bone Jt Surg Am69(A):1459–1466.
32.
Hirano S, Hirasawa T (1989). Creep on a composite resin in water. Dent Mater J8:93–99.
33.
Hirano S, Hirasawa T (1992). Compressive creep and recovery of composite resins with various filler contents in water. Dent Mater J11:165–176.
34.
Hirano S, Hirasawa T (1994). Compressive creep of posterior and anterior composite resins in water. Dent Mater J13:214–219.
35.
Huang M, Suo Z, Ma Q, Fulimoto H (2000). Thin film cracking and ratcheting caused by temperature. J Mater Res15:1239–1242.
36.
Ingber D, Madri J, Folkman J (1986). A possible mechanism for inhibition of angiogenesis by angiostatic steroids. Endocrinology119:1768–1775.
37.
Jung YG, Peterson IM, Kim DK, Lawn BR (2000). Lifetime-limiting strength degradation from contact fatigue in dental ceramics. J Dent Res79:722–731.
38.
Kam L, Shain W, Turner JN, Bizios R (2001). Axonal outgrowth of hippocampal neurons on micro-scale networks of polylysine-conjugated laminin. Biomaterials22:1049–1054.
39.
Kelsey WP 3rd, Cavel T, Blankenau RJ, Barkmeier WW, Wilwerding TM, Latta M (1995). 4-year clinical study of castable ceramic crowns. Am J Dent8:259–262.
40.
Kieswetter K, Schwartz Z, Hummert K, Cochran DL, Simpson J, Dean DD, et al. (1996). Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. J Biomed Mater Res32:55–63.
41.
Kim J-H, Miranda P, Kim D-K, Lawn BR (2003). Effect of an adhesive interlayer on the fracture of a brittle coating on a supporting substrate. J Mater Res18:222–227.
42.
Klawitter J, Hulbert S (1971). Application of porous ceramics for the attachment of load bearing internal orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res2:161–229.
43.
Ko CC, Kohn DH, Hollister SJ (1992). Micromechanics of implant/tissue interfaces. J Oral Implantol18:220–230.
44.
Lawn B, Deng Y, Thompson VP (2001). Use of contact testing in the characterization and design of all-ceramic crownlike layer structures: a review. J Prosthet Dent86:495–510.
45.
Lawn B, Deng Y, Miranda P, Pajares A, Chai H, Kim DK (2002). Overview: damage in brittle layer structures from concentrated loads. J Mater Res17:3019–3036.
46.
Linder L, Carlsson A, Marsal L, Bjurstein LM, Brånemark P-I (1988). Clinical aspects of osteointegration in joint replacement: a histologic study of titanium implants. J Bone Jt Surg Br70(B):550–555.
47.
Malament KA, Socransky SS (1999a). Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years: Part I. Survival of Dicor complete coverage restorations and effect of internal surface acid etching, tooth position, gender, and age. J Prosthet Dent81:23–32.
48.
Malament KA, Socransky SS (1999b). Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years. Part II: Effect of thickness of Dicor material and design of tooth preparation. J Prosthet Dent81:662–667.
49.
Martin JY, Schwartz Z, Hummert TW, Schraub DM, Simpson J, Lankford J Jr, et al. (1995). Effect of titanium surface roughness on proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63). J Biomed Mater Res29:389–401.
50.
McAuslan B, Johnson G (1987). Cell responses to biomaterials. I: Adhesion and growth of vascular endothelial cells on poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) following surface modification by hydrolytic etching. J Biomed Mater Res21:921–935.
51.
McLaren EA, White SN (2000). Survival of In-Ceram crowns in a private practice: a prospective clinical trial. J Prosthet Dent83:216–222.
52.
McLean JW (1965). The future of dental restorative materials. Rev Belge Med Dent20:277–290.
53.
Oden A, Andersson M, et al. (1998). Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Prosthet Dent80:450–456.
54.
Ong JL, Hoppe CA, Cardenas HL, Cavin R, Carnes DL, Sogal A, et al. (1998). Osteoblast precursor cell activity on HA surfaces of different treatments. J Biomed Mater Res39:176–183.
55.
Peterson IM, Pajares A, Lawn BR, Thomson VP, Rekow ED (1998a). Mechanical characterization of dental ceramics by Hertzian contacts. J Dent Res77:589–602.
56.
Peterson IM, Wuttiphan S, Lawn BR, Chyung K (1998b). Role of microstructure on contact damage and strength degradation of micaceous glass-ceramics. Dent Mater14:80–89.
57.
Pilliar R (1983). Powder metal-made orthopedic implants with porous surface for fixation by tissue ingrowth. Clin Orthop176:42–51.
58.
Re F, Zanetti A, Sironi M, Polentarutti N, Lanfrancone L, Dejana E, et al. (1994). Inhibition of anchorage-dependent cell spreading triggers apoptosis in cultured human endothelial cells. J Cell Biol127:537–546.
59.
Ricci J, Alexander H (1992). The influence of surface microgeometry on fibroblast colonization of synthetic surfaces. Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society.
60.
Ricci JL, Spivak J, Blumenthal NC, Alexander H (1991). Modulation of bone ingrowth by surface chemistry and roughness. In: The bone material interface. Davies J, editor. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 334–349.
61.
Ricci JL, Charvet J, Sealey R, Biton I, Green WS, Stuchin SA, et al. (1995). In vitro effects of surface roughness and controlled surface microgeometry on fibrous tissue cell colonization (abstract). Trans Soc Biomater18:115.
62.
Ricci JL, Rose R, Charvet JL, Alexander H, Naiman CS (1996). Cell interaction with microtextured surfaces (abstract). Fifth World Congress on BiomaterialsI:937.
63.
Ricci JL, Charvet J, Frenkle SR, Chang R, Nadkarni P, Turner J, et al. (2000). Bone response to laser microtextured surfaces. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 282–294.
64.
Ripamonte U (2000). Smart biomaterials with intrinsic osteoinductivity: geometric control of bone differentiation. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 215–222.
65.
Schliephake H, Neukam FW, Klosa D (1991). Influence of pore dimensions on bone ingrowth into porous hydroxylapatite blocks used as bone graft substitutes. A histometric study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg20:53–58.
66.
Schmidt JA, von Recum AF (1992). Macrophage response to microtextured silicone. Biomaterials13:1059–1069.
67.
Simmons C, Pilliar R (2000). A biomechanical study of early tissue formation around bone-interfacing implants: the effect of implant surface geometry. In: Bone engineering. Davies J, editor. Toronto: em squared incorporated, pp. 369–380.
68.
Simon J (2001). Engineered cellular response to scaffold defects in a rabbit trephine defect (Master’s thesis in bioengineering). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University.
69.
Simon J, Parsons JR, Rekow ED, Chesmel K, Patterson J, Thompson VP, et al. (2003). Engineered cellular response to scaffold architecture in a rabbit trephine defect. J Biomed Mater Res66(A):275–282.
70.
Sjogren G, Lantto R, Granberg A, Sundstrom BO, Tilberg A (1999). Clinical examination of leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic crowns (Empress) in general practice: a retrospective study. Int J Prosthodont12:122–128.
71.
Soboyejo WO, Nemetski B, Allameh S, Marcantonio N, Mercer C, Ricci J (2002). Interactions between MC3T3-E1 cells and textured Ti6Al4V surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res62:56–72.
72.
Stepien E, Stanisz J, Korohoda W (1999). Contact guidance of chick embryo neurons on single scratches in glass and on underlying aligned human skin fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int23:105–116.
73.
Thomas K, Cook S (1985). An evaluation of variables influencing implant fixation by direct bone apposition. J Biomed Mater Res19:875–901.
74.
Thomas K, Kay J, Cook SD, Jarcho M (1987). The effect of surface macrotexture and hydroxylapatite coating on the mechanical strengths and histologic profiles of titanium implant materials. J Biomed Mater Res21:1395–1414.
van Kooten T, Whitesides J, von Recum A (1998). Influence of silicone (PDMS) surface texture on human skin fibroblast proliferation as determined by cell cycle analysis. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater)43:1–14.
77.
Walboomers XF, Monaghan W, Curtis AS, Jansen JA (1999a). Attachment of fibroblasts on smooth and microgrooved polystyrene. J Biomed Mater Res46:212–220.
78.
Walboomers XF, Croes HJ, Ginsel LA, Jansen JA (1999b). Contact guidance of rat fibroblasts on various implant materials. J Biomed Mater Res47:204–212.
79.
Walboomers XF, Ginsel LA, Jansen JA (2000). Early spreading events of fibroblasts on microgrooved substrates. J Biomed Mater Res51:529–534.
80.
Walton TR (1999). A 10-year longitudinal study of fixed prosthodontics: clinical characteristics and outcomes of single-unit metal-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont12:519–526.
81.
Wang X, Bank RA, TeKoppele JM, Hubbard GB, Anthanasiou KA, Agrawal CM (2000). Effect of collagen denaturation on the toughness of bone. Clin Orthop371:228–239.
82.
Weiss LE (1945). Experiments on cell and axon orientation in vitro: the role of colloidal exudates in tissue organization. J Exp Zool100:353–386.
