To date, online learning research in business and management education generally assumes that degree program level does not affect effective online learning practice. However, the few studies that have examined both undergraduate and graduate business students have found differences in the learning outcomes of those groups. Because research samples tend to be exclusively either graduate or undergraduate students, researchers and practitioners of online business education are left to speculate regarding potential differences between these student populations. This article reviews the online business and management education literature and proposes differences between undergraduate and graduate business students and courses based on student and instructor characteristics, course design characteristics, technological characteristics, and preferences for and performance in courses delivered at least partially online, relative to classroom-based courses. Some of the primary conclusions from the review are that consideration of learning styles, student demographics, and perceptions of the course management system are more important in undergraduate online courses, and that ensuring effective participant interaction is a larger issue for instructors and course design in graduate online courses. The article concludes with preliminary recommendations for researchers, instructors, instructional designers, and degree program directors for developing and designing courses that are suited appropriately to these student populations.
Aisbitt, S., & Sangster, A. ( 2005). Using Internet-based online assessment: A case study . Accounting Education: An International Journal, 14, 383-394.
2.
Alavi, M. ( 1994). Computer-mediated collaborative learning: An empirical evaluation. MIS Quarterly, 18, 159-174.
3.
Alavi, M., & Gallupe, R.B. ( 2003). Using information technology in learning: Case studies in business and management education programs. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2, 139-153.
4.
Alavi, M., Marakas, G.M., & Yoo, Y. ( 2002). A comparative study of distributed learning environments on learning outcomes. Information Systems Research, 13, 404-415.
5.
Alavi, M., Yoo, Y., & Vogel, D.R. ( 1997). Using information technology to add value to management education. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1310-1333.
6.
Alexander, M.W., Perrault, H., Zhao, J.J., & Waldman, L. ( 2009). Comparing AACSB faculty and student online learning experiences: Changes between 2000 and 2006. Journal of Educators Online , 6. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume6Number1/Alexanderetalpaper.pdf
7.
Allan, B. ( 2007). Time to learn? E-learners’ experiences of time in virtual learning communities. Management Learning, 38, 557-572.
8.
Allan, J., & Lawless, N. ( 2003). Stress caused by on-line collaboration in e-learning: A developing model. Education + Training, 45, 564-572.
9.
Anstine, J., & Skidmore, M. ( 2005). A small sample study of traditional and online courses with sample selection adjustment. Journal of Economic Education , 36, 107-127.
10.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2000a). Virtual classroom characteristics and student satisfaction in internet-based MBA courses. Journal of Management Education , 24, 32-54.
11.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2000b). Virtual classroom versus physical classroom: An exploratory comparison of class discussion patterns and student learning in an asynchronous internet-based MBA course. Journal of Management Education , 24, 207-227.
12.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2000c). An exploratory study of the effects of gender on student learning and class participation in an internet-based MBA course. Management Learning, 31, 533-549.
13.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2001). How instructor immediacy behaviors affect student satisfaction and learning in web-based courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 64(4), 42-54.
14.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2002). Managing the on-line classroom: A study of technological and behavioral characteristics of web-based MBA courses. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, 203-223.
15.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2004). Learning to learn online: A study of perceptual changes between multiple online course experiences. Internet and Higher Education, 7, 169-182.
16.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2005a). How much does "subject matter" matter? A study of disciplinary effects in on-line MBA courses. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 57-73.
17.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2005b). Is there an optimal design for on-line MBA courses? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 135-149.
18.
Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2008). Does the community of inquiry framework predict outcomes in online MBA courses?International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(2). Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/490/1045
19.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2006). An investigation of epistemological and social dimensions of teaching in online learning environments. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5, 435-447.
20.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2007). Examining the influence of participant interaction modes in web-based learning environments. Decision Support Systems, 43, 853-865.
21.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Duray, R. ( 2002). Technological and structural characteristics, student learning and satisfaction with web-based courses: An exploratory study of two MBA programs. Management Learning, 33, 231-247.
22.
Arbaugh, J.B., Godfrey, M.R., Johnson, M., Leisen Pollack, B., Niendorf, B., & Wresch, W. ( 2009). Research in online and blended learning in the business disciplines: Key findings and possible future directions. Internet and Higher Education, 12(2-3), 71-87.
23.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Hwang, A. ( 2006). Does "teaching presence" exist in online MBA courses ? Internet and Higher Education, 9, 9-21.
24.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Rau, B.L. ( 2007). A study of disciplinary, structural, and behavioral effects on course outcomes in online MBA courses. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 5, 63-93.
25.
Arbaugh, J.B., & Stelzer, L. ( 2003). Learning and teaching via the web: What do we know? In R. DeFillipi, & C. Wankel (Eds.), Educating managers with tomorrow’s technologies (pp. 17-51). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
26.
Armstrong, S.J. ( 2000). The influence of individual cognitive style on performance in management education. Educational Psychology, 20, 323-329.
27.
Baker-Eveleth, L.J., Eveleth, D.M., & Sarker, S. ( 2005). An emerging on-line "third place" for information systems (IS) students: Some preliminary observations. Journal of Information Systems Education, 16, 465-475.
28.
Barker, R.T., & Stowers, R.H. ( 2005). Learning from our students: Teaching strategies for MBA professors. Business Communication Quarterly, 68, 481-487.
29.
Baugher, D., Varanelli, A., & Weisbord, E. ( 2003). Student hits in an internet-supported course: How can instructors use them and what do they mean? Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 1, 159-179.
30.
Benbunan-Fich, R., & Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2006). Separating the effects of knowledge construction and group collaboration in web-based courses. Information & Management, 43, 778-793.
31.
Benbunan-Fich, R., & Hiltz, S.R. ( 2002). Correlates of effectiveness of learning networks: The effects of course level, course type and gender on outcomes. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’02, Vol. 1, p. 5b). Big Island, HI: IEEE Computer Society.
32.
Benbunan-Fich, R., & Hiltz, S.R. ( 2003). Mediators of the effectiveness of online courses. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 46, 298-312.
33.
Bonk, C.J. ( 2009). The world is open: How Web technology is revolutionizing education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
34.
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (Eds.). (2006). The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco : Pfeiffer.
35.
Borthick, A.F., & Jones, D.R. ( 2000). The motivation for collaborative discovery learning online and its application in an information systems assurance course. Issues in Accounting Education, 15, 181-210.
36.
Brower, H.H. ( 2003). On emulating classroom discussion in a distance-delivered OBHR course: Creating an on-line community. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2, 22-36.
37.
Brown, B.W., & Liedholm. C.E. (2002). Can web courses replace the classroom in principles of microeconomics?American Economic Review, 92, 444-448.
38.
Cappel, J.J., & Hayen, R.L. ( 2004). Evaluating e-learning: A case study. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(4), 49-56.
39.
Chang, T.-T., & Lim, J. ( 2002). Cross-cultural communication and social presence in asynchronous learning processes. e-Service Journal, 1, 83-105.
40.
Cheung, L.L.W., & Kan, A.C.N. (2002). Evaluation of factors related to student performance in a distance-learning business communication course . Journal of Education for Business, 77, 257-263.
41.
Clark, D.N., & Gibb, J.L. ( 2006). Virtual team learning: An introductory study team exercise . Journal of Management Education, 30, 765-787.
42.
Clark, R.C., & Mayer, R.E. ( 2008). E-learning and the science of instruction (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
43.
Close, A.G., Dixit, A., & Malhotra, N.K. (2005). Chalkboards to cybercourses: The internet and marketing education. Marketing Education Review, 15, 81-94.
44.
Coates, D., Humphreys, B.R., Kane, J., & Vachris, M.A. ( 2004). "No significant distance" between face-to-face and online instruction: Evidence from principles of economics. Economics of Education Review, 23, 533-546.
45.
Conaway, R.N., Easton, S.S., & Schmidt, W.V. ( 2005). Strategies for enhancing student interaction and immediacy in online courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 68, 23-35.
46.
Cox, G., Carr, T., & Hall, M. ( 2004). Evaluating the use of synchronous communication in two blended courses. Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning, 20, 183-193.
47.
Cybinski, P., & Selvanathan, S. (2005). Learning experience and learning effectiveness in undergraduate statistics: Modeling performance in traditional and flexible learning environments. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 3, 251-271.
48.
Davis, F. ( 1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319-340.
49.
Davis, R., & Wong, D. ( 2007). Conceptualizing and measuring the optimal experience of the elearning environment. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 5, 97-126.
50.
DeLange, P., Suwardy, T., & Mavondo, F. ( 2003). Integrating a virtual learning environment into an introductory accounting course: Determinants of student motivation. Accounting Education, 12, 1-14.
51.
Dellana, S.A., Collins, W.H., & West, D. ( 2000). On-line education in a management science course: Effectiveness and performance factors. Journal of Education for Business , 76, 43-47.
52.
Dineen, B.R. ( 2005). Teamxchange: A team project experience involving virtual teams and fluid team membership. Journal of Management Education , 29, 593-616.
53.
Drago, W., Peltier, J., Hay, A., & Hodgkinson, M. (2005). Dispelling the myths of online education: Learning via the information superhighway. Management Research News, 28(6/7), 1-17.
54.
Drago, W., Peltier, J., & Sorensen, D. ( 2002). Course content or the instructor: Which is more important in on-line teaching? Management Research News, 25(6/7), 69-83.
55.
Driver, M. ( 2002). Investigating the benefits of web-centric instruction for student learning: An exploratory study of an MBA course. Journal of Education for Business, 77, 236-245.
56.
Dunbar, A.E. ( 2004). Genesis of an online course. Issues in Accounting Education, 19, 321-343.
57.
Dunlap, J.C., & Lowenthal, P.R. (2009). Tweeting the night away: Using twitter to enhance social presence. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20, 129-135.
58.
Eom, S.B., Wen, H.J., & Ashill, N. ( 2006). The determinants of students’ perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction in university online education: An empirical investigation . Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 4, 215-235.
59.
Eveleth, D.M., & Baker-Eveleth, L.J. (2003). Developing dialogue skill: A qualitative investigation of an on-line collaboration in a team management course. Journal of Education for Business, 78, 228-233.
60.
Fornaciari, C.J., & Matthews, C.S. (2000). Student personality types and predispositions toward distance education. In S. J. Havlovic (Ed.), Academy of Management best papers proceedings (MED: pp. A1-A6). New York: Academy of Management.
61.
Friday, E., Friday-Stroud, S.S., Green, A.L., & Hill. A.Y. ( 2006). A multi-semester comparison of student performance between multiple traditional and online sections of two management courses. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 8, 66-81.
62.
Garrison, D.R., & Kanuka, H. ( 2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. Internet and Higher Education, 7, 95-105.
Greasley, A., Bennett, D., & Greasley, K. ( 2004). A virtual learning environment for operations management: Assessing the student’s perspective. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 24(9/10), 974-993.
65.
Hawk, T.F., & Shah, A.J. ( 2007). Using learning style instruments to enhance student learning . Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 5, 1-19.
66.
Hay, A., Peltier, J.W., & Drago, W.A. ( 2004). Reflective learning and online management education: A comparison of traditional and online MBA students. Strategic Change, 13, 169-182.
67.
Heckman, R., & Annabi, H. ( 2005). A content analytic comparison of learning processes in online and face-to-face case study discussions. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(2). Retrieved January 4, 2007, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/heckman.html
68.
Hiltz, S.R., & Shea, P. ( 2005). The student in the online classroom. In S. R. Hiltz & R. Goldman (Eds.), Learning together online: Research on asynchronous learning networks (pp. 145-168). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
69.
Hodgson, V., & Reynolds, M. ( 2005). Consensus, differences, and "multiple communities" in networked learning. Studies in Higher Education, 30, 11-24.
70.
Holley, D. ( 2002). Which room is the virtual seminar in please?Education + Training, 44, 112-121.
71.
Hornik, S., & Tupchiy, A. ( 2006). Culture’s impact on technology-mediated learning: The role of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Global Information Management, 14, 31-56.
72.
Hwang, A., & Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2006). Virtual and traditional feedback-seeking behaviors: Underlying competitive attitudes and consequent grade performance. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 4, 1-28.
73.
Ivancevich, J.M., Gilbert, J.A., & Konopaske, R. ( 2009). Studying and facilitating dialogue in select online management courses. Journal of Management Education, 33, 196-218.
74.
Kellogg, D.L., & Smith, M.A. ( 2009). Student-to-student interaction revisited: A case study of working adult business students in online courses. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 7, 433-456.
75.
Kirkley, J.R., & Kirkley, S.E. ( 2006). Expanding the boundaries of blended learning: Transforming learning with mixed and virtual reality technologies. In C. J. Bonk & C. R. Graham (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs (pp. 533-549). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
76.
Klein, H.J., Noe, R.A., & Wang, C. ( 2006). Motivation to learn and course outcomes: The impact of delivery mode, learning goal orientation, and perceived barriers and enablers . Personnel Psychology, 59, 665-702.
77.
Klimoski, R.J. ( 2007). From the editor: Becoming a prophet in our own land. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6, 433-438.
78.
Kock, N., Verville, J., & Garza, V. ( 2007). Media naturalness and online learning: Findings supporting both the significant- and no-significant-difference perspectives. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 5, 333-355.
79.
Landry, B.J.L., Griffeth, R., & Hartman, S. ( 2006). Measuring student perceptions of blackboard using the technology acceptance model. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 4, 87-99.
80.
Lawrence, J.A., & Singhania, R.P. (2004). A study of teaching and testing strategies for a required statistics course for undergraduate business students. Journal of Education for Business, 79, 333-338.
81.
Lee, M.K.O., Cheung, C.M.K., & Chen, Z. ( 2005). Acceptance of internet-based learning medium: The role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Information & Management , 42, 1095-1104.
82.
Leidner, D.E., & Jarvenpaa, S.L. (1995). The use of information technology to enhance management school education: A theoretical view. MIS Quarterly, 19, 265-291.
83.
Lemak, D.J., Shin, S.J., Reed, R., & Montgomery, J.C. (2005). Technology, transactional distance, and instructor effectiveness: An empirical investigation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 150-159.
84.
Liu, X., Bonk, C.J., Magjuka, R.J., Lee, S., & Su, B. ( 2005). Exploring four dimensions of online instructor roles: A program level case study. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(4), 29-48.
85.
Liu, X., Magjuka, R.J., Bonk, C.J., & Lee, S. ( 2007). Does sense of community matter? An examination of participants’ perceptions of building learning communities in online course. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8, 9-24.
86.
Liu, X., Magjuka, R.J., & Lee, S. ( 2006). An empirical examination of sense of community and its effects on students’ satisfaction, perceived learning outcome, and learning engagement in online MBA courses. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 3(7). Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jul_06/article01.htm
87.
Love, N., & Fry, N. ( 2006). Accounting students’ perceptions of a virtual learning environment: Springboard or safety net? Accounting Education , 15, 151-166.
88.
Lu, J., Yu, C-S., & Liu, C. ( 2003). Learning style, learning patterns, and learning performance in a WebCT-based MIS course. Information & Management , 40, 497-507.
89.
Mariola, E., & Manley, J. ( 2002). Teaching finance concepts in a distance learning environment: A personal note. Journal of Education for Business, 77, 177-180.
90.
Marks, R.B., & Sibley. S.D. ( 2006). Distance education and learning styles: Some interesting results. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 3(3), 71-80.
91.
Marks, R.B., Sibley, S.D., & Arbaugh, J.B. ( 2005). A structural equation model of predictors for effective online learning. Journal of Management Education, 29, 531-563.
92.
Marriott, N., Marriott, P., & Selwyn, N. ( 2004). Accounting undergraduates’ changing use of ICT and their views on using the internet in higher education: A research note . Accounting Education, 13(S1), 117-130.
93.
Martins, L.L., & Kellermanns, F.W. (2004). A model of business school students’ acceptance of a web-based course management system. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3, 7-26.
94.
May, G.L., & Short, D. ( 2003). Gardening in cyberspace: A metaphor to enhance online teaching and learning. Journal of Management Education, 27, 673-693.
95.
McPherson, M., & Nunes, M.B. ( 2004). The failure of a virtual social space (VSS) designed to create a learning community: Lessons learned. British Journal of Educational Technology, 35, 305-321.
96.
Millson, M.R., & Wilemon, D. ( 2008). Educational quality correlates of online graduate management education. Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 1-18.
97.
Navarro, P., & Shoemaker, J. ( 2000). Performance and perceptions of distance learners in cyberspace . American Journal of Distance Education, 14(2), 15-35.
98.
Nemanich, L., Banks, M., & Vera, D. ( 2009). Enhancing knowledge transfer in classroom versus online settings: The interplay among instructor, student, content, and context. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 7, 123-148.
99.
Neville, K., Heavin, C., & Walsh, E. ( 2005). A case in customizing e-learning. Journal of Information Technology, 20, 117-129.
100.
Olson-Buchanan, J.B., Rechner, P.L., Sanchez, R.J., & Schmidtke, J.M. (2007). Using virtual teams in a management principles course. Education + Training, 49, 408-423.
101.
Parikh, M., & Verma, S. ( 2002). Using internet technologies to support learning: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Information Management , 22, 27-46.
102.
Parnell, J.A., & Carraher, S. ( 2003). The Management Education by Internet Readiness (MEBIR): Developing a scale to assess personal readiness for internet-mediated management education. Journal of Management Education, 27, 431-446.
103.
Patel, C., & Patel, T. ( 2006). Exploring a joint model of conventional and online learning systems. E-Services Journal, 4(2), 27-46.
104.
Peltier, J.W., Drago, W., & Schibrowsky, J.A. (2003). Virtual communities and the assessment of online marketing education. Journal of Marketing Education, 25, 260-276.
105.
Peltier, J.W., Schibrowsky, J.A., & Drago, W. ( 2007). The interdependence of the factors influencing the perceived quality of the online learning experience: A causal model. Journal of Marketing Education, 29, 140-153.
106.
Perreault, H., Waldman, L., Alexander, M., & Zhao, J. ( 2002). Overcoming barriers to successful delivery of distance-learning courses. Journal of Education for Business, 77, 313-318.
107.
Piccoli, G., Ahmad, R., & Ives, B. ( 2001). Web-based virtual learning environments: A research framework and a preliminary assessment of effectiveness in basic IT skills training . MIS Quarterly, 25, 401-426.
108.
Popovich, C.J., & Neel, R.E. ( 2005). Characteristics of distance education programs at accredited business schools. American Journal of Distance Education, 19, 229-240.
109.
Priluck, R. ( 2004). Web-assisted courses for business education: An examination of two sections of principles of marketing. Journal of Marketing Education, 26, 161-173.
110.
Proserpio, L., & Gioia, D.A. ( 2007). Teaching the virtual generation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6, 69-80.
111.
Riding, R.J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (1992). Type of instructional material, cognitive style and learning performance. Educational Studies, 18, 323-340.
112.
Robinson, L., Jr. ( 2006). Moving beyond adoption: Exploring the determinants of student intention to use technology. Marketing Education Review , 16(2), 79-88.
113.
Rousseau, D.M., & McCarthy, S. ( 2007). Educating managers from an evidence-based perspective . Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6, 84-101.
114.
Rungtusanatham, M., Ellram, L.M., Siferd, S.P., & Salik, S. ( 2004). Toward a typology of business education in the internet age. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 2, 101-120.
115.
Rynes, S.L. ( 2007). Let’s create a tipping point: What academics and practitioners can do, alone and together. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1046-1054.
116.
Saade, R., & Bahli, B. ( 2005). The impact of cognitive absorption on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in online learning: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 42, 317-327.
117.
Salas, E., Kosarzycki, M.P., Burke, C.S., Fiore, S.M., & Stone, D.L. ( 2002). Emerging themes in distance learning research and practice: Some food for thought. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4, 135-153.
118.
Sarker, S., & Nicholson, J. ( 2005). Exploring the myths about online education in information systems. Informing Science, 8, 55-73.
119.
Sautter, P. ( 2007). Designing discussion activities to achieve desired learning outcomes: Choices using mode of delivery and structure. Journal of Marketing Education, 29, 122-131.
120.
Schniederjans, M.J., & Kim, E.B. ( 2005). Relationship of student undergraduate achievement and personality characteristics in a total web-based environment: An empirical study. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 3, 205-221.
121.
Sharda, R., Romano, N.C., Jr., Lucca, J.A., Weiser, M., Scheets, G., & Chung, J-M., et al. (2004). Foundation for the study of computer-supported collaborative learning requiring immersive presence. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(4), 31-63.
122.
Shea, P., Li, C.S., & Pickett, A. ( 2006). A study of teaching presence and student sense of learning community in fully online and web-enhanced college courses. Internet and Higher Education, 9, 175-190.
123.
Silberg, D., & Lennon, K. ( 2006). Developing leadership skills: Online versus face-to-face . Journal of European Industrial Training, 30, 498-511.
124.
Simmering, M.J., Posey, C., & Piccoli, G. ( 2009). Computer self-efficacy and motivation to learn in a self-directed online course. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education , 7, 99-121.
125.
Simon, B., Haghirian, P., & Schlegelmilch, B.B., (2003). Enriching global marketing education with virtual classrooms: An effectiveness study. Marketing Education Review, 13(3), 27-39.
126.
Sitzmann, T., Kraiger, K., Stewart, D., & Wisher, R. ( 2006). The comparative effectiveness of web-based and classroom instruction: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 59, 623-664.
127.
Straub, E.T. ( 2009). Understanding technology adoption: Theory and future directions for informal learning. Review of Educational Research , 79, 625-649.
128.
Vamosi, A.R., Pierce, B.G., & Slotkin, M.H. ( 2004). Distance learning in an accounting principles course: Student satisfaction and perceptions of efficacy. Journal of Education for Business, 79, 360-366.
129.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F.D. ( 2000). Theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46, 186-204.
130.
Venkatesh, V., Davis, F.D., & Morris, M.G. ( 2007). Dead or alive? The development, trajectory, and future of technology adoption research. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8, 267-286.
131.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., & Davis, F.D. ( 2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27, 425-478.
132.
Walker, K. ( 2004). Activity systems and conflict resolution in an online professional communication course. Business Communication Quarterly, 67, 182-197.
133.
Wan, Z., Fang, Y., & Neufeld, D.J. ( 2007). The role of information technology in technology-mediated learning: A review of the past for the future. Journal of Information Systems Education, 18, 183-192.
134.
Wang, H-W. ( 2006). The implementation of an asynchronous web-based gaming & simulation environment and its effects on financial engineering education . Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 9, 360-369.
135.
Watson, R.T., Boudreau, M.-C., York, P.T., Greiner, M., & Wynn, D.E. ( 2008). Opening the classroom. Journal of Information Systems Education, 19, 75-85.
136.
Webb, H.W., Gill, G., & Poe, G. ( 2005). Teaching with the case method online: Pure versus hybrid approaches. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education , 3, 223-250.
137.
Weber, J.M., & Lennon, R. ( 2007). Multi-course comparison of traditional versus web-based course delivery systems. Journal of Educators Online, 4(2), 1-19.
138.
Whetten, D.A. ( 2008). Introducing AMLEs educational research databases. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7, 139-143.
139.
Williams, E.A., Duray, R., & Reddy, V. ( 2006). Teamwork orientation, group cohesiveness, and student learning: A study of the use of teams in online distance education. Journal of Management Education, 30, 592-616.
140.
Williams, J., & Chinn, S.J. ( 2009). Using Web 2.0 to support the active learning experience . Journal of Information Systems Education, 20, 165-174.
141.
Wisher, R.A., & Curnow, C.K. ( 2003). Video-based instruction in distance learning: From motion pictures to the internet. In M. G. Moore & W. G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 315-330). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
142.
Yoo, Y., Kanawattanachai, P., & Citurs, A. ( 2002). Forging into the wired wilderness: A case study of a technology-mediated distributed discussion-based class. Journal of Management Education, 26, 139-163.
143.
Young, M.R., Klemz, B.R., & Murphy, J.W. ( 2003). Enhancing learning outcomes: The effects of instructional technology, learning styles, instructional methods, and student behavior. Journal of Marketing Education, 25, 130-142.
144.
Yukselturk, E., & Top, E. ( 2005-2006). Reconsidering online course discussions: A case study. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 34, 341-367.
145.
Zhao, Y., Lei, J., Yan, B., Lai, C., & Tan, H.S. ( 2005). What makes the difference? A practical analysis of research on the effectiveness of distance education. Teachers College Record, 107, 1836-1884.
