Abstract
Commercial photochromic and thermochromic colorants that change rapidly and reversibly from colorless to colored state when activated by stimuli like ultraviolet irradiation, temperature or pH are well established class of colorants for manufacturing of niche products. Use of photochromic and thermochromic systems in applications like medical thermography, plastic strip thermometers, photochromic lenses, food packaging and nondestructive testing of engineered articles and electronic circuitry is well documented. However, in the last few years, the research on application of these systems on textiles has picked up significantly which has the potential to unlock commercially significant nascent high-tech applications. This review paper presents a summary of the chemistry, mechanism, application on textiles and evaluation procedure of performance, other technical features, current and potential application areas as well as challenges encountered in wider acceptance of photochromic and thermochromic colorants on textiles.
Keywords
References
1.
Eds,
Mattila
H. R.
, Intelligent textile & clothing , Woodhead publishing limited , Cambridge, England , 2006 ; 296 .
2.
Eds
Wilusz
Eugene
Military Textiles , Woodhead Publishing Limited , Cambridge , 2008 ; 193 .
3.
Eds
Crano
C J C
, and RJ Guglielmetti Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds , New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers , 1999 ; 1 .
4.
Durr
, and
Bouas-Laurent
H
, Pure Appl Chem. , 2001 ; 73 ; 639 .
5.
Corns
S N
,
Partington
S M
,
Towns
A D
, Color . Technol. , 2009 ; 125 ; 249 .
6.
Crano
C J C
, and
Guglielmetti
R J
(Eds), Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds , New York : Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers , 1999 ; 2 .
7.
NYC
Chu
, Eds
Durr
H.
, and
Bouas-Laurent
H
, In Photochromism Molecules and Systems , Amsterdam : Elsevier , 1990 ; 493 .
8.
Dawson
T L
, Color . Technol. , 2010 ; 126 ; 177 .
9.
Billah
S M R
,
Christie
R M
, and
Shamey
R
, Color . Technol. , 2008 ; 124 ; 223 .
10.
Billah
S M R
,
Christie
R M
, and
Morgan
K M
, Color . Technol. , 2008 ; 124 ; 229 .
11.
Little
A F
, and
Christie
R M
, Color . Technol. , 2010 ; 126 ; 164 .
12.
Gust
D
,
Moore
T A
, and
Moore
A L
, Chem . Commun. 2006 ; 11 ; 69 .
13.
Matsuda
K
, and
Irie
M
, Chem . Lett. , 2006 ; 35 ; 1204 .
14.
Belser
P
,
Cola
L D
,
Hartl
F
,
Adamo
V
,
Bozic
B
,
Chriqui
Y
,
Iyer
V M
,
Jukes
R T F
,
hni
J K
,
Querol
M
,
Roma
S
, and
Salluce
N
, Adv. Func . Mater. 2006 ; 16 ; 195 .
15.
Barachevsky
V A
, J. Photochem. Photobiol . A , 2008 ; 196 ; 180 .
16.
Raymo
F M
, and
Tomasulo
M
, Chem. Soc . Rev. , 2005 ; 34 ; 327 .
17.
Aldib
M
, and
Christie
R M
, Color . Technol. , 2011 ; 127 ; 282 .
18.
Classen
E
,
Beringer
J
, Photochromic textiles by functional coatings , ICTN , 2010 .
19.
Little
A F
, and
Christie
R M
, Color . Technol. , 2010 ; 126 ; 157 .
20.
Gulrajani
M. L.
,
Agarwal
A.
,
Bajaj
A.
,
Gupta
A.
,
Lohia
C.
,
Goel
D.
,
Garg
P.
, Asian Dyer , 2008 ; 5 (2 ); 47 .
21.Standard Methods for the Determination of the Colour Fastness of Textiles and Leather , 5th Edn Bradford : SDC , 1990 .
22.
Little
A. F.
, and
Christie
R M
, Color . Technol. , 2011 ; 127 ; 275 .
23.Solar Active International Colour Change Products , http://www.solaractiveintl.com/newsrelease.htm/05.08.2005
24.
Dunn
H.C.
,
Etters
J N
, Textile Chemist and Colourist & American Dyestuff Reporter , 2000 ; 32 ; 20 .
25.
U.S Pat. No. 4,681,791; 1987.
26.
U.S Pat. No. 10,095,299; 2002.
27.
U.S Pat. No. 5,985,381; 1999.
28.
Hällnäs
Lars
,
Melin
Linda
,
Redström
Johan
, A design Research Program for textiles and Computational Technology , Nordic Textile Journal , 2002 ; 1 ; 56 .
29.ProductsFocus
http://www.taiwantrade.com.tw/tp/2004web/2/pl
30.
Ortica
F.
, Dyes and Pigments , 2012 ; 92 ; 807 .
31.
Day
J H
, Chem . Rev. , 1963 ; 63 ; 65 .
32.
Aitken
D
,
Burkinshaw
S M
,
Griffiths
J
, and
Towns
A D
, Rev. Prog . Coloration , 1996 ; 26 ; 1 .
33.
Seeboth
A
,
Klukowska
A
,
Ruhmann
R
,
Lotzch
D.
Chin. J. Polym . Sci. , 2007 ; 25 ; 123 .
34.
Mather
R R
, Rev. Prog . Coloration , 2001 ; 31 ; 36 .
35.
Christie
R M
, and
Bryant
D
, Surf. Coat . Inf. , 1995 ; 78 ; 332 .
36.
Abdullah
N
,
Talib
A R A
,
Jaafar
A A
,
Salleh
M A M
, and
Chong
W T
, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science , 2010 ; 34 ; 1089 .
37.
Japanese Pat. No. 06/306777 1994.
38.
Babulanarn
S M
,
Eriksson
T S
,
Niklasson
G A
, and
Granqvist
C G
, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt . Eng. , 1987 ; 692 ; 8 .
39.
Babulanam
S M
,
Estrada
W
,
Hakim
M O
,
Yatsuya
S
,
Anderson
A M
,
Stevens
J R
, and
Granqvist
C G
, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt . Eng. , 1987 ; 823 ; 64 .
40.
Lee
J C
,
Jorgenson
G V
, and
Jin
R J
, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt . Eng. , 1987 ; 692 ; 2 .
41.
Day
J H
, Chem . Rev. , 1968 ; 68 ; 649 .
42.
Kulcar
R
,
Friskovec
M
,
Hauptman
N
,
Vesel
A
, and
Gunde
M K
, Dyes and Pigments , 2010 ; 86 ; 271 .
43.
Nelson
G
, Int. Jour . Pharma. , 2002 ; 242 ; 55 .
44.
Sahoo
A
, Asian dyer , 2006 ; 5 ; 33 .
45.
US Pat. No. 4717710; 1988 .
46.
US Pat. No. 5221288; 1993 .
47.
Eur. Pat. No. 1084860, 2001 .
48.
Maclaren
D C
,
White
M A
, Jour. of Mat . Chem. , 2003 ; 25 ; 1695 .
49.
US Pat. No. 4666949; 1987 .
50.
Japanese Pat. No. 04/073211; 1992 .
51.
Japanese Pat. 03/161511; 1991 .
52.
Christie
R M
,
Bryant
I D
, Color Technol. , 2005 ; 121 ; 187 .
53.
Kima
S H
,
Suha
H J
,
Cui
J Z
,
Gal
Y S
,
Jinc
S H
,
Koh
K
, Dyes Pigments , 2002 ; 53 ; 251 .
54.
Christie
R M
,
Bryant
I D
, Color Technol. , 2005 ; 121 ; 187 .
55.
McDonnell
D G
, Therm. Liq. Crys. , Vol. 22 , Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, Ed. G Gray London : John Wiley and Sons , 1987 ; 120 .
56.
Choi
J H
,
Hong
S H
, and
Towns
A D
, JSDC , 1999 ; 115 (1 ); 32 .
58.
U.S Pat. No. 3, 733, 606; 1973 .
59.
U.S Pat. No. 4,064,305; 1977 .
60.
Rubacha
M
, Polymer for Advance Technology , 2007 ; 18 ; 323 .
62.Application Data Sheet for TC Colours , L J Specialities Ltd , Wigan, LJK.
63.
European Pat No 1084860B1; 2000 .
64.
Japanese Pat. No. 62/17879; 1987 .
65.
US Pat. No. 4,961,972; 1987 .
66.
European Pat. No. 480,162; 1991 .
67.
Japanese Pat. No. 06/306777; 1994 .
68.
Kuramoto
N
, and
Kitao
T
, Dyes & Pigments , 1982 ; 3 ; 49 .
69.
Allen
N S
,
Hughes
N
, and
Mahon
P
, J . Photochem , 1987 ; 37 ; 379 .
70.
Oda
H.
, and
Kitao
T
, Dyes & Pigments , 1990 ; 12 ; 97 .
71.
Oda
H.
, and
Kitao
T
, Dyes & Pigments , 1991 ; 16 ; 1 .
72.
Wendlandt
W.W.
, Science , 1963 ; 149 ; 1085 .