Sound-absorbing and thermal insulating properties of natural coir/jute hybrid composites for functional materials

Abstract

A composite designed for soundproofing integrates both sound absorption materials and thermal insulation, combining the benefits of both into a single product. The absorption component serves to dissipate energy within the system, while the noise barrier reduces the transmission of sound. This study focuses on experimentally assessing the sound absorption coefficients of hybrid composite materials composed of coir and jute fibers, reinforced with epoxy resin, using compression molding techniques. Six different composite samples were prepared with varying blend proportions of these fibers: S1 Coir/100, S2 Jute/100, S3 Coir/Jute 50/50, S4 Coir/Jute 70/30, S5 Coir/Jute 30/70, and S6 Coir/Jute 60/40, following the standards set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The physical and morphological properties of the samples were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the sound absorption coefficients (SAC) were measured via the impedance tube method, following ASTM E (1050), and Thermal insulation values were measured according to Lee’s disk method (ASTM C177). The experimental results show the thermal resistance performances of natural fiber composites based on coir/jute fiber materials, is S5 C/J (0.156 W/mK) and S6 C/J (0.146 W/mK), and there is an improvement in thermal conductivity when compared to the rigid polyurethane foam, which is one of the most efficient thermal insulators. Across frequencies ranging from 1600 to 5000 Hz. The results indicated that the composite sample S4 C/J exhibited exceptional performance in absorbing high-frequency sound waves, particularly above 2500 Hz. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the thickness of the S6 C/J composite could significantly enhance its sound absorption coefficient at medium and low frequencies. These findings underscore the potential of coir and jute fiber-based composites as effective sound-absorbing materials. Notably, these composites exhibit sound absorption coefficients exceeding 0.83%, showcasing their promising acoustic properties. Additionally, the utilization of natural fibers such as coir and jute, sourced from renewable materials, offers advantages of affordability, biodegradability, and recyclability, making them sustainable choices for soundproofing and thermal insulating materials.

Keywords

Sound-absorption coefficients coir/jute fibers impedance tube insulating properties

Introduction

Utilizing natural fibers for end-of-life textiles and transforming them into textile products has proven to be a highly effective approach. Over time, there has been a concerted effort to regulate fiber consumption due to the abundant availability of natural fibers. As end-of-life textiles became essential, the natural fiber industry and artisans focused on maximizing output using these materials. Within the textile industry, coir and jute have been recognized as valuable sources of raw material. However, the dwindling resources for producing primary synthetic fibers, coupled with the rising global population, underscore the importance of prioritizing natural fibers in textiles.¹ It is imperative to develop processes for fabricating textiles that can be easily converted into composite materials. Manufacturers are increasingly expected to take responsibility for producing composite and end-of-life products. Coir and jute production, particularly in cloth-making, processing, and textile finishing industries, lend themselves well to the creation of composite materials. However, existing natural fiber composite manufacturing systems fall short, particularly for end-of-life industrial textiles and technical textiles.² This deficiency can be attributed to the limited number of industries employing these techniques. Nevertheless, if manufacturing processes were optimized for ease of production, these sectors could experience significant development. Despite the substantial production of coir and jute waste fibrous materials, industries are actively seeking applications where waste materials can be transformed into value-added materials.³

The potential of textile-based fiber-reinforced composite materials for various applications has been highlighted in recent research. According to Bogale et al.,⁴ these materials offer promising properties suitable for composite preparation.4 In industries such as automotive manufacturing, where functionality is paramount, textiles are frequently chosen as composite materials.⁵ Particularly in vehicle interiors, components such as engraved parts exemplify the utilization of textile-based materials. These materials, often a combination of different fibers, exhibit robust structural strength and are commonly bonded seamlessly, enhancing both esthetic appeal and functionality. In addition to their decorative qualities, these materials play a crucial role in noise control within vehicles, effectively dampening sound waves emanating from various sources, including the engine compartment and interior surfaces. Awgichew et al.⁶ elaborate on the applications of natural fiber composite materials in noise reduction, including wall claddings, acoustic barriers, and noise absorbers for passenger vehicles.6 Furthermore, the versatility of these composite materials extends beyond the automotive sector, with potential applications in building construction. As noted by Abedom et al.,⁷ composite materials composed of natural fibers like coir and jute offer advantages such as enhanced structural integrity, insulation properties, and eco-friendliness. These materials facilitate proper ventilation within structures, contributing to occupants’ comfort and well-being. In terms of manufacturing, these environmentally friendly composites can be efficiently compression molded into various shapes, offering benefits such as increased bending stiffness, improved fire resistance, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, unlike some synthetic alternatives, they do not pose odor issues, making them highly desirable for a range of applications.7

The utilization of waste coir and jute in the formation of composites, alongside biodegradable melt-blown polymers such as Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), Polylactic Acid (PLA), and Phenethylamine (PEA), has been extensively investigated.⁸ These natural fiber composite materials exhibit promising acoustical properties, rendering them suitable for a multitude of applications including sound barriers, wall construction, road surfaces, interior linings for various spaces like auditoriums, halls, and apartments, as well as in automotive, aircraft, ducts, enclosures for noise equipment, and machinery insulation.^9,10 Compression molding, a technique adept at utilizing fibrous raw materials, offers versatility in application. Coir fibers, known for their higher density owing to cellulose content, present a viable option. In contrast, jute fibers may excel in different scenarios.¹¹ Consequently, this study focuses on characterizing compression-molded composites using waste coir and jute fibers to ascertain their thermal insulation and sound-absorbing properties.¹² The significance of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of crucial properties such as thickness, density, porosity, air permeability, thermal conductivity, and sound insulation capabilities of natural fiber composites. Understanding these properties is pivotal for tailoring these materials to effectively absorb sound and provide thermal insulation, making them indispensable for practical applications.

The novelty of coir and jute composites has many advantages compared to biological thermal and sound insulators, including low product cost, good handling, and environmental protection. The industrial materials are manufactured from natural fibers to offer acoustic and thermal insulation applications. Instead of focusing solely on treating the noise receiver, which may not always be practical, it aims to address the noise path, offering a more feasible solution. Unlike other types of composite materials, natural fiber composites have some unique properties like recyclability, adaptability, environmental safety, and easy persuasion.

Experimental methods

Materials

Extraction of coir fibers

The materials employed in this investigation encompass coir and jute fibers, serving as the foundational elements for the fabrication of composites. Coir, derived from the husk of coconuts, distinguishes itself into two varieties: brown coir, sourced from fully ripened coconuts, and white coir. Brown coir, renowned for its heightened thickness, strength, and superior abrasion resistance, constitutes the focus of this study. Comprising approximately 44% cellulose, and 45% lignin, along with 3% pectin and associated compounds, alongside a 5% water content, coir fibers exhibit a robust constitution. The elevated lignin concentration contributes to its rigidity and durability, rendering it a preferred choice for applications such as mats, brushes, and composite material preparation.¹³

Extraction of jute fiber

This fiber is extracted from the stem and foliage of the jute plant through a meticulous process. The initial step involves a procedure known as retting. During retting, the jute stems are gathered into bundles and submerged in water. These bundles are then arranged in stacks and left on the ground for 4–5 days to facilitate the natural shedding of leaves. Once harvested, the stalks of jute plants are carefully bundled and submerged in water for approximately 20 days. Subsequently, the fibers are meticulously separated from the stem in lengthy strands and rinsed in clear, flowing water. The conventional retting method is employed to effectively extract fibers from the plants. Following this, the fibers undergo thorough washing to remove any residual impurities. The pre-dried fibers are then processed within jute plants to initiate the production of jute yarn. This intricate process ensures the quality and integrity of the final product (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

(a and b) Coir/jute fibers.

Resin and hardener

The epoxy resin employed in this process is Araldite LY 556, also known as Biphenyl-A-Diglyceryl-Ether. It is combined with the hardener HY 951 in a ratio of 10:1, enhancing the interconnection between fibers and the matrix. Additionally, Poly Foam Soft can be incorporated in a weight ratio of 2:1, yielding softer foam Adjusting the isocyanate content allows for variations in foam firmness; increasing it results in firmer foam, while decreasing it yields softer foam. Users must conduct thorough testing of their chosen ratios before initiating full-scale production. Table 1 illustrates the properties of Coir and Jute fibers. Coir, derived from the agave of coconut palms, is esteemed for its robustness, elasticity, longevity, and dye-absorbing characteristics, making it highly sought-after for cordage applications. However, its specific stiffness may render composites less suitable for certain low-tech requirements. On the other hand, Jute boasts excellent insulating properties, low thermal conductivity, and moderate moisture retention. Its versatility extends to various products such as yarn, twine, sacks, hessian, carpet backing cloth, and textile blends.¹⁴ Epoxy resin plays a critical role in composite manufacturing because of its unique properties, especially when combined with coir/jute fiber. Epoxies are thermoset plastics, and as a resin, epoxy enhances the properties of coir/jute fiber by binding to composite materials. The natural ratio for epoxy resin mixture is 60:40 (fiber to resin).

Table 1.

Properties of coir and jute fibers.

S. No.	Properties	Coir	Fiber Jute fiber Jute fiber
1	Cellulose content %	60–70	62.1
2	Lignin content %	7–10	18.54
3	Wax content %	0.2	0.13
4	Moisture content %	12	11.10
5	Density g/cc	2.13	1.23
6	Young’s modulus, GPa	54	22.4
7	Tensile strength, Mpa	300–500	367

Composites preparation

The selection of raw coir and jute fibers for the composite groundwork is based on their specific characteristics, including a length of 10 mm and a diameter of 0.5 mm. The pressure range applied during the formation of composite materials using these natural fibers varies between 2 and 69 MPa. This composite is prepared through a compression molding process, utilizing a steel die measuring 300 mm × 300 mm × 3 mm. For testing purposes; six distinct coding plates are arranged, each containing a different blend of coir and jute fibers according to the American standard for testing materials size. These blends include 100% Coir (SC1), and 100% Jute (SJ2), as well as various mixtures such as 50/50% Coir/jute (S3C/J), 70/30% (S4C/J), 30/70% (S5C/J), and 60/40% (S6C/J). A detailed composition breakdown is provided in Table 2. In the mixing process; the fibers undergo an agitating process within a scattering blender at a temperature of 180ºC and a rotating speed of 50 rpm. Pentafluorobenzyl alcohol (PFB) particles are introduced into the blend, and the agitation continues for 10–15 minutes at the same speed. Subsequently, this mixture is combined with the matrix and poured into the die. The composite is then left to cure at room temperature for 3 days to achieve the required size and stability of the composite plate. Upon completion of the curing process, the composite samples are now ready for utilization, possessing the desired physical and sound absorption properties as determined through testing (Figure 2).

Table 2.

Fiber blending composition and sample coding.

Sl. No.	Fiber blending composition/proportion	C/P	Coding
S1C	100% Coir fibers	100:00	S1C
S2J	100% Jute fibers	0:100	S2J
S3C/J	50% Coir fiber and 50% Jute fiber	50:50	S3C/J
S4C/J	70% Coir fiber and 30% Jute fiber	70:30	S4C/J
S5C/J	30% Coir fiber and 70% Jute fiber	30:70	S5C/J
S6C/J	60% Coir fiber and 40% Jute fiber	60:40	S6C/J

Figure 2.

(a and b) Coir/jute fibers composite samples.

Testing methods

The distinct characteristics of both the fiber matrix and its arrangement significantly influence the physical and sound absorption properties of a composite material. To evaluate these properties, various composite samples were prepared by established standards. Thickness measurements were carried out following ASTM D5729, density assessments were conducted as per ASTM D 3776, and porosity evaluations also adhered to ASTM D 3776 guidelines. Airflow resistance was determined through ASTMD 737 testing, thermal conductivity was measured using ASTM D 6343 procedures, and assessments of sound absorption properties were performed by ASTM E 1050 standards. Average values obtained from each test were meticulously recorded for analysis (Table 3).

Table 3.

Physical properties of natural fiber coir/jute composite materials.

SampleID	Thickness(mm)	Density (g/cm³)	Specific porosity (%)	Airflow resistance (%)	Thermal conductivity (W/mK)	Sound absorptioncoefficient @2400 Hz (%)
S1C	10.02	0.1453	0.678	32.6	0.112	0.13
S2J	12.01	0.1349	0.813	31.4	0.123	0.23
S3C/J	13.34	0.1243	0.724	33.5	0.143	0.14
S4C/J	11.50	0.1035	0.893	34.7	0.132	0.44
S5C/J	10.23	0.1133	0.785	33.4	0.156	0.12
S6C/J	12.10	0.1467	0.817	38.7	0.146	0.27

Measurement of thickness

The sound absorption capacity of natural fiber composite materials is significantly impacted by their thickness. To precisely measure this thickness, a specialized device known as a handheld thickness gage is employed. This gage boasts a maximum capacity of 10 mm with an impressive accuracy of 0.01 mm. Its function is to ascertain the thickness of composite materials with meticulous precision. In practice, the process involves placing the composite sample onto the gage’s anvil and applying a specified pressure onto it. Through this controlled procedure, the gage accurately determines the thickness of the sample. The readings provided by this gage are exceptionally precise, down to a resolution of 0.01 mm, as outlined.¹⁵

Measurement of density

Density provides a convenient method for determining the mass of an object based on its volume, or conversely, its volume from its mass. It is typically expressed in units of kilograms per cubic meter. Additionally, the weight of an object can be determined by multiplying its mass by acceleration due to gravity.

Measurement of porosity

Porosity is quantified by a decimal number typically less than one. To convert this value into a percentage, simply multiply it by 100%. This calculation yields the porosity of the sample, expressed as a percentage. Porosity is ascertained by dividing the volume of voids within a material by the total volume of the composite, then multiplying the quotient by 100 to derive the percentage. The formula for porosity (%) is represented as follows:

Porosity (%) = (Volume of Voids / Total Volume) x 100 .

Measurement of airflow resistance

The amount of air that passes through 100 mm² of fabric in a second at a pressure differential of 10 mm of water is known as the composite material air permeability, and it indicates how well a material permits the passage of air through it. The FX 3300 air permeability tester was used to measure air permeability by ASTM D737-04. A round test head with a diameter of 15.07 and a test pressure of 98 Pa was used for the testing.

Measurement of thermal conductivity

Lee’s disk method is a specialized approach crafted for the precise calculation of thermal conductivity, particularly tailored for primary thermal insulators like polystyrene. This method employs a composite sample with a significant surface area to expedite the attainment of thermal equilibrium, ensuring accurate measurements. To apply Lee’s method in determining the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor, such as glass in disk form, the following formula can be employed:

k = \frac{H . A}{(T_{2} - T_{1}) . x}

(1)

Here, H represents the steady-state rate of heat transfer, k denotes the thermal conductivity of the sample, A stands for the cross-sectional area, and (T2 −T1) signifies the temperature difference across the sample of thickness x.¹⁶ This method offers a robust framework for accurately determining the thermal conductivity of materials, facilitating comprehensive analysis and application in various fields (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Thermal conductivity testers.

Analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM)

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) operates by directing a focused electron beam across a surface, generating a detailed image. As this beam interacts with the specimen, various signals are produced, offering insights into the surface topography and composition. SEM enables thorough morphological analysis across diverse samples. In preparation, fractured samples undergo gold-coating and are positioned within an ionizer. The samples are then subjected to an accelerating voltage typically ranging between 10and 15 KV, producing images that are subsequently captured for analysis.¹⁷

Measurement of sound absorption coefficient

The coefficient tests for samples are conducted by ISO/DIS 10534 standards, employing the impedance test tube method. The selection of the frequency range is primarily determined by the tube diameter and the spacing between microphone positions. For the smaller tube setup, with a diameter of 29.5 mm, sound parameters are measured across frequencies ranging from 1600 Hz to 6.3 kHz. Conversely, a larger tube setup, with a diameter of 99.5 mm, allows for varied frequency choices when measuring sound parameters. The frequency range is categorized into three distinct classes: low (50–1000 Hz), medium (1000–2000 Hz), and high (2000–4000 Hz). Ten random test results are obtained from each specimen to compute the acoustic properties (Figure 4).¹⁸

Figure 4.

Impedance tube method of sound absorption SAC (1050 E).

Results and discussion

Influence of thickness

Sound absorption refers to the extent of energy dissipation encountered by a sound wave as it traverses through a specified thickness of material. When transitioning from air into an absorbent substance, the sound wave undergoes either reflection or absorption, leading to energy loss and dampening effects. In composite materials, sound absorption occurs as sound waves are converted into heat, a crucial process for effective soundproofing. Research demonstrates that noise reduction primarily occurs at lower frequencies as the material thickness increases. Conversely, the impact of thickness on noise reduction at higher frequencies appears negligible. Figure 5 illustrates that thicker materials exhibit superior sound absorption capabilities. For instance, sample S6C/J, boasting a thickness of 12.10 mm, achieves a sound absorption coefficient of 0.27%. While augmenting thickness can bolster the absorption of low-frequency sound, its influence on high-frequency sound remains minimal. This phenomenon arises because increased thickness endows the sample with a new maximum speed for air particulate waves, thereby enhancing its acoustic performance at lower frequencies. The porosity characteristics of a material also play a pivotal role in sound absorption. Materials with numerous small pores exhibit heightened sound absorption, whereas those with larger pores demonstrate weaker absorption properties. Notably, an increase in thickness amplifies the absorption of low-frequency sound but has little impact on high-frequency sound. An analysis employing one-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level underscores the profound influence of composite material thickness on both sound and thermal insulation in the developed samples (p < 0.0001, R² = 0.900277). This analysis reveals a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn by previous studies.^19,20 Acoustic materials with high sound absorption properties, such as foam panels or mineral wool; absorb sound waves by converting sound energy into heat. Sound diffusion materials, like diffuser panels or slatted surfaces, scatter sound waves in different directions compared to other materials.

Figure 5.

Influence of thickness on SAC.

Influence of density

Materials with higher densities, like concrete or solid plywood, tend to reflect more sound than they absorb. Conversely, materials with lower densities, such as melamine foam or cork, have a greater tendency to absorb sound. Additionally, thicker materials exhibit a broader range of sound absorption across frequencies compared to thinner ones. As a porous material’s mass density increases, its absorption efficiency for low-frequency sound improves while its efficiency for high-frequency sound decreases. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 6, where the density correlates with the sound absorption coefficient of the sample. For instance, coir fiber composites, with a density of 0.1467 kg/cm³ (composed of 40% epoxy resin and 70% coir fiber), demonstrate notable sound absorption characteristics. Sample S6C/J, sharing this density, boasts the highest sound absorption coefficient at 0.27%. This outcome can be attributed to its elevated fiber content and molecular fraction. Similarly, samples like S1C, S1J, and S3C/J exhibit comparable density and sound absorption behavior. Achieving soundproofing requires the material to fall within an optimal density range. If the density is too high, sound waves are reflected off the surface; if it’s too low, they are transmitted through. Therefore, finding the balance is crucial for effective soundproofing. Statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level underscores the impact of composite material weight on the sound and thermal insulation performance of natural coir/jute fiber composites (p = 0.0001, R² = 0.89719).²¹ For a material to be soundproof it has to fall within a proper density range. High enough and sound waves get damped; low enough and they get absorbed. If the material’s density is too low, the sound waves are transmitted through. If the density is too high, the waves get reflected off the material’s surface.

Figure 6.

Influence of density on SAC.

Influence of specific porosity

The porosity in this area follows an ascending trajectory along the porosity-sound absorption curve. Within this range, sound absorption performance escalates alongside increasing porosity. However, beyond a certain peak point, a rise in porosity initiates a decline in sound absorption efficiency. Smaller pores exhibit enhanced sound absorption, whereas larger pores tend to yield weaker sound absorption effects. Alyousef emphasized the significance of augmenting porosity in coir/jute fiber composites to achieve a high sound absorption coefficient, advocating for an increase in porosity as sound waves propagate.²² Referring to Figure 7, the sample labeled (S4C/J) demonstrates a specific porosity of 0.84% coupled with a sound absorption coefficient of 0.44%. This illustrates a direct correlation between heightened specific porosity and amplified noise reduction. Similarly, samples S6C/J, S2J, and S5C/J exhibit specific porosities equivalent to that of S4C/J, thereby indicating a consistent elevation of specific porosity from S1C to S3C/J, which aligns with the desired fiber characteristics. The study reveals that the porous matrix of the pavement serves as a mechanism for sound absorption by dissipating sound energy through viscous friction, while surface pores function akin to a series of Helmholtz resonators, adept at absorbing lower frequencies. Micro pores, when compared to overall porosity, facilitate the diffusion of sound waves, contributing significantly to sound absorption. Notably, the sound absorption coefficient of porous materials is heavily reliant on their permeability, with fine pores enabling sound to enter and undergo friction between fibers and adhesives, consequently resulting in heightened absorption of sound energy.²³ The porosity determines the frequency at which the sound absorption coefficient reaches a peak and the peak frequency generally increases with increasing porosity.

Figure 7.

Influence of porosity on SAC.

Influence of specific airflow resistance

Airflow resistance refers to the hindrance encountered by air particles as they traverse a material. This resistance is quantified by the ratio of pressure gradient within the material to the linear velocity of airflow, under conditions of steady airflow. In essence, higher airflow resistivity correlates with reduced air permeability, thereby impeding the passage of sound waves into the material and diminishing its sound absorption capabilities. However, a decrease in airflow resistivity concurrently reduces the efficiency of transforming sound energy into thermal energy. Observing Figure 8, it becomes evident that the S6C/J sample exhibits notably high airflow resistivity, marked by a value of 38.7 pa.s/m, thereby inducing a significant enhancement in airflow resistance, Similarly, the S4C/J and S3C/J samples demonstrate moderate airflow resistivity, with values of 33.5 pa.s/m and 33.4 pa.s/m, respectively. Notably, jute displays lower air permeability compared to coir composite materials. An increase in composite density corresponds to a reduction in airflow resistance, owing to heightened resistance against airflow resulting from the consolidation of material bonding. This augmentation is further accentuated by the increased short fiber content, occupying air voids within the structure. The airflow resistivity of fibrous porous materials is intricately linked to various factors including fiber morphology, size, density, porosity, tortuosity, and arrangement. ANOVA results affirm that the airflow resistance of the composite significantly influences both sound and thermal insulation values of the developed samples (p < 0.0001, R² = 0.87045). Consequently, it can be inferred that a reciprocal relationship exists between the airflow resistance of the developed composites and their sound and thermal insulation attributes. These findings confirm those of Rodríguez et al. (2022), further emphasizing the critical interplay between airflow resistance and the acoustic and thermal properties of composite materials. Resistance is the opposing force to pressure; it’s what makes it difficult for air to flow through a space. The higher the resistance, the lower the airflow, Resistance can be caused by many things, including friction, obstructions, and temperature differences.

Figure 8.

Influence of air flow resistance on SAC.

Analysis of thermal insulation property

Thermal conductivity stands as the primary benchmark for evaluating the effectiveness of thermal insulation materials, with lower values signifying superior resistance. According to Rodríguez et al., the average thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.050 to 0.132 W/mK for materials subjected to 15 minutes of pressing, and from 0.062 to 0.143 W/mK for those pressed for 25 minutes.²⁴ In Figure 9 the thermal conductivity of various sound-absorbing materials is depicted. Notably, the composite sample exhibits lower thermal conductivity compared to prevalent market materials such as polystyrene and mineral wool, indicating superior thermal insulation properties. For instance, the thermal conductivity of samples comprising 90% rigid polyurethane foam with blend ratios of 30/70 (S5C/J) and 60/40 (S6C/J) is reported as 0.156 W/mK and 0.146 W/mK, respectively. This represents an enhancement over rigid polyurethane foam, renowned for its exceptional insulation capabilities. Comparing mineral wool (0.034 W/mK) with polystyrene (0.04 W/mK) reveals superior thermal insulation values.²⁴ The thermal conductivity of the air and the absorbent material have some impact on losses as well. It has been investigated that thermal resistance and sound absorption properties of highly porous natural fiber composites are correlated due to the strong dependence of these two properties on pore characteristics. Furthermore, the depicted figure underscores the substantial impact of material thermal conductivity, underscoring its relevance in composite preparation. The integration of natural fiber coir/jute with a polyurethane matrix notably influences thermal insulation properties. While natural coir/jute fibers exhibit a marginal decline in thermal insulation compared to 100% rigid polyurethane foam when the mass fraction of CNTs is 0.75%, the thermal conductivity of foamed aluminum-based composites reaches the maximum. As the test frequency increases, the sound absorption performance of foamed aluminum first increases then decreases, and then gradually increases, reaching a maximum value of around 1000 Hz, The ANOVA results assert the significant influence of composite thermal conductivity on both sound and thermal insulation values (p < 0.0001, R² = 0.902234) validate these findings.^25,26

Figure 9.

Thermal conductivity on SAC.

Analysis of surface morphology

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) operates by projecting and scanning a focused stream of electrons over a surface, enabling the creation of highly detailed images. As these electrons interact with the sample, they generate various signals, providing valuable insights into the surface’s topography and material composition. In Figure 10(a) and (b), SEM pictures of diverse tensile test samples are depicted. For the hybrid composite samples, particular attention was given to examining the phenomenon of fiber pullout. Upon analysis, it was observed that while there were fewer voids in the extracted fibers, significant fiber breakages were evident. SEM image 6 (A and B) illustrates this observation. Notably, these specimens exhibited lower strength attributes compared to others, primarily due to inadequate interfacial bonding, leading to fiber detachment from the resin surface. In composites with 7 wt% fiber content, pulled-out fibers were visibly present. Conversely, in composites containing 20 wt. %fibers with a length of 14 mm, a robust matrix/fiber adhesion was observed. This disparity underscores the critical role of fiber content and length in determining the quality of matrix/fiber interaction. These findings align closely with previous experimental work conducted by Moges et al.,²⁷ emphasizing the importance of optimizing interfacial bonding for enhancing composite material properties.

Figure 10.

(a and b) SEM micrographs of fractured surface of coir/jute composites.

Analysis of sound-absorbing property

Absorption, in this context, pertains to the reduction of resonating frequencies within a cavity by incorporating insulation between its walls, ceilings, or floors. Acoustic panels play a pivotal role in mitigating reflections, thereby attenuating the overall sound within a room post-soundproofing. Research indicates that composites comprised of coir/jute fibers exhibit notably superior sound insulation compared to those reinforced with cotton fibers, making them viable materials for sound isolation, particularly at specific high frequencies. The findings demonstrate a direct correlation between frequency and the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) across all samples (SC1, SJ2, S3C/J, S4C/J, S5C/J, and S6C/J), with SAC increasing as frequency rises. Moreover, increased thickness corresponds to enhanced sound absorption performance. For instance, at the highest frequency of 4000 Hz, SAC values range between 0.44%, 0.27%, and 0.23% for S4C/J, S6C/J, and S2J respectively. Similarly, the average SAC values for S3C/J, S1C, and S5C/J, standing at 0.14%, 0.13%, and 0.12% respectively, reflect this trend. Notably, samples S4C/J, S6C/J, and S2J exhibit consistent values from 0 to 1000 Hz, as depicted in Figure 11, showcasing the variation of the acoustic absorption coefficient with the percentage of binder mixed with natural fiber. The data reveals that the acoustic absorption coefficient is significantly enhanced in the frequency range of 100–850 Hz when utilizing a composition of 80% rigid polyurethane foam and 20% coir fiber, compared to other materials used. Furthermore, the coir/jute composite demonstrates superior sound wave absorption properties in the frequency range of 1100–2800 Hz when juxtaposed with samples consisting solely of rigid polyurethane foam. Critical physical properties such as fiber thickness, density, and porosity significantly influence the sound absorption performance of natural fibers, showcasing their efficacy across various frequencies. By incorporating porous layers and perforated plate backing with coconut coir fiber, the resulting sound absorber panel exhibits promising potential as an environmentally friendly product. These innovative sound absorption panels offer cost-effective, lightweight, and eco-friendly alternatives to materials such as jute, glass fiber, and mineral-based synthetics.²⁸ In the case of constant thickness, increasing the density of porous acoustic material can improve the absorption coefficient of low and medium frequencies, but the change is less than the change brought about by increasing the thickness, and the high-frequency absorption will be reduced to some extent.

Figure 11.

Sound absorption coefficient of coir/jute hybrid composites.

Conclusion

Natural fibers such as coir and jute are abundant and readily accessible materials found in nature, boasting exceptional properties including biodegradability, high sound absorption capabilities, strength, specific rigidity, and superior damping capacity. This study focuses on fabricating a hybrid composite reinforced with coir and jute fibers, offering significant practical advantages due to its affordability, inherent safety, and eco-friendliness. Both experimental and analytical methodologies were employed to determine the sound-absorbing coefficients of coir and jute fiber materials. A comparison of the sound absorption coefficients obtained through experimental means, specifically using an Impedance tube, was conducted. The results highlighted the remarkable performance of porous natural coir and jute composites in absorbing high-frequency sound waves, particularly those above 2000 Hz. Although differences were noted, the composite containing 15% coir and jute exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity value. Visual analysis of the composites post-tensile testing, as depicted in images (a) and (b), revealed crucial insights. It was evident that poor interfacial bonding resulted in fiber detachment from the resin surface. Notably, composites with 10% fiber content and 3 mm length displayed visible pulled-out fibers, whereas those with 15% fiber and 12 mm length exhibited robust matrix/fiber adhesion. The significance of thermal and acoustic insulation was underscored, with thermal insulation impeding heat transfer and acoustic insulation mitigating sound transmission or reverberation. By meticulously considering parameters influencing performance during the preparation of natural fiber-reinforced composites, enhancements in acoustical, thermal, and other critical characteristics can be achieved. This research underscores the growing interest in utilizing natural fiber-reinforced composites due to their environmental sustainability and economic advantages.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Santhanam Sakthivel

References

Ariharasudhan

, et al. Studies on sugarcane bagasse/jute fibers reinforced bio-composites for functional thermal insulation materials published on 26th January 2024. J Eng Fibers Fabr 2024; 19. DOI: 10.1177/15589250231223464

Veeraprabahar

Mohankumar

Senthil Kumar

, et al. Development of natural coir/jute fibers hybrid composite materials for automotive thermal insulation applications. J Eng Fibers Fabr 2022; 17:15589250221136379. DOI: 10.1177/15589250221136379

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar

Melese

, et al. Development of nonwoven composites from recycled cotton/polyester apparel waste materials for sound absorbing and insulating properties. Appl Acoust 2021; 180:108126. .

Bogale

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar

, et al. Sound absorbing and thermal insulating properties of recycled cotton/polyester selvedge waste chemical bonded nonwovens. J Text Inst 2023; 114: 134–141. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2021.2024377

Kumar

Murugan

Sakthivel

, et al. Investigation of flexural and dynamic mechanical properties of bagasse fiber composite published in the journal of the textile institute. J Text Inst 2022; 113(12): 2634-2640. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2021.2001953

Awgichew

Sakthivel

Solomon

, et al. Experimental study and effect on recycled fibers blended with rotor/OE yarns for the production of handloom fabrics and their properties. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2021; 2021: 1–9.

Abedom

Sakthivel

Asfaw

, et al. Development of natural fiber hybrid composites using sugarcane bagasse and bamboo charcoal for automotive thermal insulation materials. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2021; 2021: 1–10.

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar

Solomon

, et al. Sound absorbing and insulating properties of natural fiber hybrid composites using sugarcane bagasse and bamboo charcoal. J Eng Fibers Fabr 2021; 16: 15589250211044818. DOI: 10.1177/15589250211044818

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar

Studies on influence of bonding methods on sound absorption characteristic of polyester/cotton recycled nonwoven fabrics. Appl Acoust 2021; 174: 107749..

10.

Sakthivel

Kumar

Mekala

, et al. Development of sound absorbing recycled nonwoven composite materials. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021, Vol. 1059. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1059/1/012023

11.

Gedilu

Mekonnen

Recycled cotton/polyester and polypropylene nonwoven hybrid composite materials for house hold applications. J Text Inst 2021;113(1): 45–53. DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2021.1913862

12.

Santhanam

Murugesan

Temesgen

, et al. Recycling of cotton and polyester fibers to produce nonwoven fabric for functional sound absorption material. J Nat Fibers 2019; 16: 300–306.

13.

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar Sand Melese

Sound-absorbing recycled cotton/polyester thermal bonded nonwovens. J Text Inst 2021; 112: 1588–1595.

14.

Sakthivel

Senthil Kumar

Mekonnen

, et al. Thermal and sound insulation properties of recycled cotton/polyester chemical bonded nonwovens. J Eng Fibers Fabr 2020; 15: 1558925020968819. DOI: 10.1177/1558925020968819

15.

Sakthivel

Ezhil

Ramachandran

Development of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics from reclaimed fibers for air filtration applications. J Eng Fibers Fabr 2014; 9(1): 155892501400900117. DOI: 10.1177/155892501400900117

16.

Sakthivel

Melese

Edae

, et al. Garment waste recycled cotton/polyester thermal and acoustic properties of air-laid nonwovens. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020; 2020: 1–8.

17.

Kathiresan

, et al. Development of nonwoven composites using reclaimed fibres. Asian Text J 2012; 8(5): 27–34.

18.

Ramachandarn

, et al. Al thermal conductivity of non-woven materials using reclaimed fibres. Int J Eng Appl 2012; 2(3): 2986.

19.

Mamtaz

Fouladi

Al-Atabi

, et al. Acoustic absorption of natural fiber composites. J Eng 2016; 2016: 1–11.

20.

Archana

Sustainable non-Woven fabric composites for automotive textiles using reclaimed fibres. Int J Eng Res Dev 2012; 4(7): 12–27.

21.

Nandanwar

Kiran

Influence of density on sound absorption coefficient of fibre board. Bangalore, India: Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute, IPIRTI. 2017. DOI: 10.4236/oja.2017.71001.

22.

Alyousef

Enhanced acoustic properties of concrete composites comprising modified waste sheep wool fibers. J Build Eng 2022; 56: 104815.

23.

Chagas Rodrigues

de Sales Braga

Santos

Arruda

Junior

, et al. Effect of pore characteristics on the sound absorption of pervious concretes. Case Stud Constr Mater 2022; 17:e01302.

24.

Rodríguez

Alba

Arenas

, et al. Estimating the airflow resistivity of porous materials in an impedance tube using an electroacoustic technique. Appl Acoust 2022; 201:109089.

25.

Sakthivel

Ramachandran

Chandhanu

, et al. Development of technical textiles for automotive applications using reclaimed fibers. J Man-made Textiles India 2012; 5(7): 27–43.

26.

Hongisto

Saarinen

Alakoivu

, et al. Acoustic properties of commercially available thermal insulators − an experimental study. J Build Eng 2022; 54:104588.

27.

Moges

Park

Pyo

Sound absorption characteristics of surface perforated mortar with micro-sized pores. Appl Acoust 2022; 195: 108811..

28.

Seblework

, et al. Development of thermal bonded nonwoven fabrics made from reclaimed fibers for sound absorption behavior. 2020. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.