Kinematic analysis of a novel 2-PrRS-PR(P)S metamorphic parallel mechanism

Abstract

Lower mobility parallel mechanisms have been developed in different structures and widely applied in industry, but still have disadvantages in various tasks and functional requirements. A 2-PrRS-PR(P)S metamorphic parallel mechanism with two working configurations and a transiting configuration is presented. First, the architecture and the way of metamorphosis about the mechanism are described in detail. The mobility of the metamorphic parallel mechanism is obtained with screw theory. Furthermore, the parasitic motions in different configurations are derived based on the geometry constraint conditions. Both the inverse kinematic problem and forward kinematic problem of the mechanism are investigated by the closed-loop equation and validated via numerical examples. Then, the velocity and acceleration in two working configurations are obtained by the derivation of the inverse kinematic problem. Finally, the reachable orientation workspaces are discussed using the three-dimensional search method in different configurations. A comparison with the 3-PRS PM without metamorphic mechanism in workspace is presented and an example of the metamorphic parallel mechanism in robotic supporting leg is presented. The above analyses provide theoretical foundations for application of this mechanism.

Keywords

Metamorphic parallel mechanism mobility analysis kinematic analysis workspace

Introduction

Inheriting the virtues of parallel mechanisms (PMs) in low inertia, high stiffness-weight ratio, and better kinematic and dynamic capacity, the lower mobility parallel mechanism (PM), whose degree of freedom (DOF) is less than 6, also has the advantages of simpler mechanical assembly and larger workspace and has attracted much more attention from researchers. In recent years, lots of literatures about lower mobility PMs have been achieved from researchers, such as synthesis and design theories^1–3 and indexes for optimization of kinemics and dynamics.^4–7 As a result of continuous research, several kinds of lower mobility PMs have been extensively applied in industry. The Sprint Z3 tool head,⁸ the Exechon machine tool,⁹ and the Delta robot¹⁰ are good examples that obtained practical application in metal machining, goods sorting, and spacecraft simulating.

During the working process, a lower mobility PM has fixed configuration and mobility, which is difficult to adapt to the changing demand in industrial application. Metamorphic mechanism is a kind of mechanism that can perform different configurations by changing the topological structure and has better adaptability in various tasks and functional requirements. Combining the characteristics of the lower mobility PMs and metamorphic mechanisms, lots of metamorphic parallel mechanisms (MPMs) are produced and deliver better development in parallel mechanisms. It has been proven a new way to meet various requirements in industry.^11–13

There are two ways to achieve MPMs: transforming the number of links and increasing geometric constraint to joints.¹⁴ By adding an extra rotational DOF to a Hooke and revolute joint, Gan et al. presented a reconfigurable Hooke (rT) joint and revolute (rR) joint. According to these two types of reconfigurable joints and the distribution of the limbs, different configurations with different mobilities can be obtained, such as 3rTPS, 3rTCrT, 3rRPS, and 3SPS-1rTPrT.^15–18 Zhang et al.^19,20 presented a variable-axis (vA) joint and two types of 3SvPSv MPM which can change the configurations due to different constraints and phases, such as SvPSv, UvPSv, RvPSv, and UvPUv-I.

The most important issue for a study of MPM is the kinematic analysis, which is also the basis for the application of the MPM. For the various mechanisms mentioned above, many kinematic efforts in different configurations, such as mobility analysis, parasitic motion, the inverse kinematics problem, forward kinematics problem, and Jacobian matrices, have been devoted separately. Analysis of the singularity and workspace are also carried out in different configurations.

This article presents a 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM and focuses on the analysis of the kinematics issues. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In section “Architecture description and mobility analysis,” the architecture and the way of metamorphosis about the mechanism are described. With screw theory, the mobility analyses are carried out. In section “Kinematic problem,” the kinematic modeling including the inverse kinematic problem (IKP), the forward kinematic problem (FKP), and the parasitic motions are analyzed and validated via numerical examples. Section “Velocity and acceleration analysis” states the velocity and acceleration analysis in two working configurations. Contrasting with normal 3-PRS PM, the workspaces of the mechanism are obtained in section “Workspace analysis.” An example of application is presented. The conclusion is arranged in section “Conclusion.” The analysis of this mechanism provides basis of modeling and optimal design for further applications.

Architecture description and mobility analysis

Architecture description

Based on the theory of metamorphic mechanism that the variation of kinematic pairs’ orientation can lead to configuration transition, a novel parallel metamorphic mechanism of 2-PrRS-PR(P)S is proposed. The 2-PrRS-PR(P)S mechanism includes a moving platform, three limbs, and a static base. The structure of limb 1 is PR(P)S. (P) is a metamorphic prismatic joint which can extend or retract under tension or pressure. A rR metamorphic joint which can change its orientation of the revolute axis is installed in limb 2 and limb 3. P represents prismatic pair, R represents revolute pair, S represents spherical pair, and rR represents metamorphic joint. The three-dimensional (3D) model of the three configurations is presented in Figure 1(a)–(c).

Figure 1.

The 2-PrRS-PR(P)S mechanism model in (a) configuration 1, (b) configuration 2, and (c) configuration 3.

Limb 2 and limb 3 share the same structure. The partial section view of limb 3 is presented in Figure 2, and the profile view of limb 3 is presented in Figure 3. The spherical joint is connected with moving platform. The rR joint is an assembly mainly composed of a flange, a rotating shaft, an inner shaft, a U-type connection, and so on. The flange and linear motor is fixed by connecting piece. There are two bearings in the flange and the inner shaft is connected to these bearings. So the shaft can rotate in the flange around axis 1. The U-type connection is fixed on the end surface of the inner shaft. There are other two bearings in the U-type connection and the rotating shaft is connected to these bearings. The rotating shaft can rotate around axis 2 in the U-type connection. From the above, the rR joint has two axes of revolution which are axis 1 and axis 2 as shown in Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 2.

The partial section view of limb 3.

Figure 3.

The profile view of limb 3.

The partial section view of limb 1 is presented in Figure 4, and the profile view of limb 1 is presented in Figure 5. Compared with limb 2 and limb 3, only the connecting piece and bearing are removed. The spherical joint is connected with moving platform. The spherical joint and the rotating shaft are connected by a gas spring, which has two lengths to adjust under the tension or pressure and acting as (P) in limb 1.

Figure 4.

The partial section view of limb 1.

Figure 5.

The profile view of limb 1.

The simplified structure of assembly of sliding sleeve is depicted in Figure 6. There are two guide grooves in inner surface (see the cyan curve in Figure 6) which have central symmetry about the axis 1 and an outside slot (see the red curve in Figure 6) which is similar to the guide groove in shape. One guide groove is divided into three sections (Figure 6), including two straight lines (a) and (c) and a quarter helical line (b). The straight line (a) sited on the side surface and the straight line (c) sited on the top/bottom surface. Two straight lines are connected by the helical line (b).

Figure 6.

The simplified structure of assembly of sliding sleeve.

The changing process is as follows: three linear motors are used as three prismatic pairs. When the rR joint of limb 2 and limb 3 is situated in the first straight line (a), the axis 2 of the rR joint is parallel to the static base and this is configuration 1. Using the driving of the linear motors in limb 2 and limb 3, the rR joint of limb 2 and 3 get into the helical line (b) and this is configuration 2. When the rR joint passes through the transition and gets into the second straight line (c), the axis 2 of the rR joint is vertical to the static base, the gas spring in limb 1 is unlocked and extended under tension, and this is configuration 3. The configurations 1 and 3 are working configuration while the configuration 2 is just a transition. The working configurations are mainly analyzed in the article.

The kinematic diagram of the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM is depicted in Figure 7. A global coordinate frame is established on the static base. Origin $O$ of the global coordinate is located in the midpoint of $A_{2} A_{3}$ . Let the X-axis go along the direction of vector $A_{2} A_{3}$ , the Z-axis is vertical to the fixed base and the Y-axis conforms to the right-hand screw rule. A moving coordinate frame $O_{c} - x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ is located in the moving platform at point $O_{c}$ while the x-axis point in the direction of vector $B_{2} B_{3}$ , the z-axis is vertical to the moving platform and the y-axis conforms to the right-hand screw rule. The displacement of three prismatic pairs are $s_{1}$ , $s_{2}$ , and $s_{3}$ . $R$ represents the circumradius of the static base and $r$ is the circumradius of the moving platform. $L_{i}$ is the length of rod $B_{i} P_{i}$ , and $S_{i}$ denotes the actuated length of prismatic pair.

Figure 7.

Kinematic diagram of 2-PrRS-PR(P)S mechanism.

Mobility analysis

The screw theory has been applied to analyze the DOFs of the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM in two working configuration. From the local frame, $O_{1} - x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ of limb 1 is shown in Figure 8. The coordinate of $B_{1}$ is $(0, y_{1}, z_{1}) .$ The twist screws of the motion pair in limb 1 in configuration 1 are as follows

{\begin{matrix} {{}^{1}$}_{11} = (0; {{}^{1}S}_{11}) = (0, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{12} = ({{}^{1}S}_{12}; 0) = (1, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{13} = ({{}^{1}S}_{13}; r_{B 1} \times {{}^{1}S}_{13}) = (1, 0, 0; 0, z_{1}, - y_{1}) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{14} = ({{}^{1}S}_{14}; r_{B 1} \times {{}^{1}S}_{14}) = (0, 1, 0; - z_{1}, 0, 0) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{15} = ({{}^{1}S}_{15}; r_{B 1} \times {{}^{1}S}_{15}) = (0, 0, 1; y_{1}, 0, 0) \end{matrix}

(1)

where 1 on the pre-superscript represents the configuration 1. $r_{B 1}$ denotes the vector along the linkage $B_{1} P_{1}$ pointing to $B_{1}$ . The twist screws of the motion pair in limb 2 and limb 3 are similar to limb 1. Then, the reciprocal screws in configuration 1 can be work out

{\begin{matrix} {{}^{1}$}_{1}^{r 1} = ({{}^{1}S}_{13}; r_{B 1} \times {{}^{1}S}_{i 3}) = (1, 0, 0; 0, z_{1}, - y_{1}) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{2}^{r 1} = ({{}^{1}S}_{24}; r_{B 2} \times {{}^{1}S}_{24}) = (0, 1, 0; - z_{2}, 0, x_{2}) \\ {{}^{1}$}_{3}^{r 1} = ({{}^{1}S}_{34}; r_{B 3} \times {{}^{1}S}_{34}) = (0, 1, 0; - z_{3}, 0, x_{3}) \end{matrix}

(2)

${{}^{1}$}_{1}^{r 1}$ represents a constraint vector across the spherical joint’s center in limb 1 and along the ${{}^{1}X}_{1}$ axis. ${{}^{1}$}_{2}^{r 1}$ and ${{}^{1}$}_{3}^{r 1}$ represent a constraint vector across the spherical joint’s center in limb 2 and 3 and along the ${{}^{1}Y}_{2}$ and ${{}^{1}Y}_{3}$ axes. The three vector constraint 3 DOF of the moving platform. Therefore, the moving platform have 3 DOFs which are 2 DOFs of revolution around X-axis and Y axis and 1 DOF of translation along Z-axis.

Figure 8.

The sketch of limb 1 in configuration 1.

Similarly, the twist screws of the motion pair in configuration 3 can be obtained. The twist screws in limb 1 are the same as in configuration 1. The coordinate of $B_{2}$ is $(x_{2}, y_{2}, 0)$ . In Figure 9, the twist screws of the motion pair in limb 2 in configuration 3 are as follows

{\begin{matrix} {{}^{3}$}_{21} = (0; {{}^{3}S}_{21}) = (0, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{22} = ({{}^{3}S}_{22}; 0) = (0, 0, 1; 0, 0, 0) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{23} = ({{}^{3}S}_{23}; r_{B 2} \times {{}^{3}S}_{23}) = (1, 0, 0; 0, 0, - y_{2}) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{24} = ({{}^{3}S}_{24}; r_{B 2} \times {{}^{3}S}_{24}) = (0, 1, 0; 0, 0, x_{2}) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{25} = ({{}^{3}S}_{25}; r_{B 2} \times {{}^{3}S}_{25}) = (0, 0, 1; y_{2}, - x_{2}, 0) \end{matrix}

(3)

Figure 9.

The sketch of limb 2 in configuration 3.

The twist screws of the motion pair in limb 3 are the same as in limb 2.

Then the constraint screws are

{\begin{matrix} {{}^{3}$}_{1}^{r 1} = ({{}^{3}S}_{13}; r_{B 1} \times {{}^{3}S}_{i 3}) = (1, 0, 0; 0, z_{1}, - y_{1}) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{2}^{r 1} = ({{}^{3}S}_{24}; r_{B 2} \times {{}^{3}S}_{24}) = (0, 0, 1; y_{2}, - x_{2}, 0) \\ {{}^{3}$}_{3}^{r 1} = ({{}^{3}S}_{34}; r_{B 3} \times {{}^{3}S}_{34}) = (0, 0, 1; y_{3}, - x_{3}, 0) \end{matrix}

(4)

${{}^{3}$}_{1}^{r 1}$ represents a constraint vector across the spherical joint’s center in limb 1 and along the ${{}^{3}Y}_{1}$ axis. ${{}^{3}$}_{2}^{r 1}$ and ${{}^{3}Z}_{3}$ represent a constraint vector across the spherical joint’s center in limb 2 and 3 and along the ${{}^{3}Z}_{2}$ and ${{}^{3}Z}_{3}$ axes. Similarly, the three vector constraint 3 DOF of the moving platform. Therefore, the moving platform have 2 DOFs of revolution around X-axis and Z-axis and 1 DOF of translation along Y-axis.

Kinematic problem

Kinematic problem includes inverse kinematics problem (IKP) and FKP. IKP is the primal problem for a mechanism that solves the input variables $S = [s_{1}, s_{2}, s_{3}]$ from a given output pose, which is $[ψ, θ, Z]$ in configuration 1 and $[ψ, ϕ, Y]$ in configuration 3. In contrast, FKP is a reverse process. Moreover, the parasitic motion of the proposed mechanisms is also the key step for kinematic problem.

Parasitic motion

Analyzing the structure of the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S mechanism shown in Figure 2, the motion of single limb is restricted to motion in a plane which is perpendicular to the rotation axis of the revolute joint and can be defined as the geometrical constraint.

As depicted in Figure 2, the position vector of $B_{i}$ with respect to frame $O - XYZ$ and frame $o_{c} - x_{1} y_{1} z_{1}$ can be written as $B_{i}$ and $B_{i}^{o}$ . The position vector of $s_{i}$ with respect to frame $O - XYZ$ is $S_{i}$ . The rotation matrix between moving frame and the fixed frame is $T$

\begin{matrix} T = [T_{Z ϕ}] [T_{X ψ}] [T_{Y θ}] = \\ [\begin{matrix} c θ c ϕ + s ψ s θ s ϕ & - c θ s ϕ + s ψ s θ c ϕ & c ψ s θ \\ c ψ s ϕ & c ψ c ϕ & - s ψ \\ - s θ c ϕ & s θ s ϕ + s ψ c θ c ϕ & c ψ c θ \end{matrix}] \end{matrix}

(5)

Thus, there are

B_{i} = T \cdot B_{i}^{o} + P

(6)

where $P = (x, y, z)^{T}$ , and

\begin{matrix} B_{1}^{o} = (0, 3 \cdot r / 2, 0)^{T}; B_{2}^{o} = (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2, 0, 0)^{T}; \\ B_{3}^{o} = (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2, 0, 0)^{T} \end{matrix}

(7)

From equations (5) to –(7), we obtain equation (8) as follows

\begin{matrix} B_{1} = (\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x \\ T_{22} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + y \\ T_{32} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + z \end{matrix}), B_{2} = (\begin{matrix} T_{11} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + x \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + y \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + z \end{matrix}), \\ B_{3} = (\begin{matrix} T_{11} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + x \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + y \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + z \end{matrix}) \end{matrix}

(8)

And

S_{1} = (0, s_{1}, 0)^{T}; S_{2} = (- s_{2}, 0, 0)^{T}; S_{3} = (s_{3}, 0, 0)^{T}

(9)

Then, the vector of $B_{i} S_{i}$ are

\begin{matrix} B_{1} S_{1} = (\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x \\ T_{22} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + y - s_{1} \\ T_{32} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + z \end{matrix}); \\ B_{2} S_{2} = (\begin{matrix} T_{11} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + x + s_{2} \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + y \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + z \end{matrix}); \\ B_{3} S_{3} = (\begin{matrix} T_{11} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + x - s_{3} \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + y \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + z \end{matrix}) \end{matrix}

(10)

Depicted in Figure 10, assume that the angle between the axis of the revolute joint and the static base is $α_{2}$ and $α_{3}$ in limb 2 and 3. The vector of the axis of the revolute joint are

\begin{matrix} n_{1} = (1, 0, 0); n_{2} = (0, \cos α_{2}, \sin α_{2}); \\ n_{3} = (0, \cos α_{3}, \sin α_{3}) \end{matrix}

(11)

Figure 10.

The angle of $α_{2}$ and $α_{3}$ .

The constraint condition of the mechanism is

n_{i} \cdot B_{i} S_{i} = 0

(12)

Substituting equations (10) and (11) into equation (12), it yields

{\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x = 0 \\ (T_{21} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + y) \cdot c α_{2} + (T_{31} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + z) \cdot s α_{2} = 0 \\ (T_{21} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + y) \cdot c α_{3} + (T_{31} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + z) \cdot s α_{3} = 0 \end{matrix}

(13)

Then, we can analyze the parasitic motion in different configurations.

Parasitic motion in configuration 1

In configuration 1, $α_{1} = α_{3} = 0 °$ , equation (13) can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x = 0 \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + y = 0 \\ T_{21} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + y = 0 \end{matrix}

(14)

Substituting equation (5) into equation (14), equation (14) can be transformed to

(- c θ \cdot s ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot c ϕ) \cdot (3 \cdot r / 2) + x = 0

(15)

(c ψ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + y = 0

(16)

(c ψ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + y = 0

(17)

We take x, y, and $ϕ$ as three unknown variables which can be expressed by considering the equations (15)–(17). These equations can be simplified as

x = (- 3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s ψ \cdot s θ; y = 0; ϕ = 0

(18)

Equation (18) shows that there is only one parasitic motion in configuration 1, which is prismatic motion along the x-axis

Parasitic motion in configuration 3

In configuration 3, $α_{1} = α_{3} = 90 °$ , then the equation (13) can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x = 0 \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + z = 0 \\ T_{31} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + z = 0 \end{matrix}

(19)

Substituting equation (5) into equation (19), equation (19) can be transformed to

(- c θ \cdot s ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot c ϕ) \cdot (3 \cdot r / 2) + x = 0

(20)

(- s θ \cdot c ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + z = 0

(21)

(- s θ \cdot c ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + z = 0

(22)

We take x, z, and $θ$ as three unknown variables and these equations can be simplified as

x = (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s ϕ; z = 0; θ = 0

(23)

Equation (23) shows that there is only one parasitic motion in configuration 3, which is also prismatic motion along the x-axis.

Parasitic motion in configuration 2

As we know, configuration 2 is a transition from configuration 1 to configuration 3. The angle of the revolute axis can change at the same time. Assume $α_{2} = α_{3} = α \in (0 °, 90 °)$ , then the equation (13) can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} T_{12} \cdot B_{1 y}^{o} + x = 0 \\ (T_{21} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + y) \cdot c α + (T_{31} \cdot B_{2 x}^{o} + z) \cdot s α = 0 \\ (T_{21} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + y) \cdot c α + (T_{31} \cdot B_{3 x}^{o} + z) \cdot s α = 0 \end{matrix}

(24)

which can be transformed to

(- c θ \cdot s ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot c ϕ) \cdot (3 \cdot r / 2) + x = 0

(25)

\begin{matrix} [(c ψ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + y] \cdot c α \\ + [(- s θ \cdot c ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + z] \cdot s α = 0 \end{matrix}

(26)

\begin{matrix} [(c ψ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + y] \cdot c α \\ + [(- s θ \cdot c ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot s ϕ) \cdot (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) + z] \cdot s α = 0 \end{matrix}

(27)

Then, we can obtain

\begin{matrix} x = (- 3 \cdot r / 2) (- c θ \cdot s ϕ + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot c ϕ) \\ y = (- \tan α) \cdot z \\ ϕ = arcran (\frac{s θ \cdot s α}{c ψ \cdot c α + s ψ \cdot s θ \cdot s α}) \end{matrix}

(28)

Parasitic motion in three configurations can be calculated by equations (19), (23), and (28). The orientation range is $ϕ \in (- 45 °, 45 °)$ , $θ \in (- 45 °, 45 °)$ . In configuration 1, the orientation range is $ψ \in (- 45 °, 45 °)$ , and in configuration 3, the orientation range is $ψ \in (45 °, 135 °)$ . The maps of parasitic motion in different configurations are presented in Figures 11 –14.

Figure 11.

The relationship between parasitic motion $x$ and $ψ$ , $θ$ in configuration 1.

Figure 12.

The relationship between parasitic motion $x$ and $ϕ$ in configuration 3.

Figure 13.

The relationship between parasitic motion $ϕ$ and $θ$ , $ψ$ in configuration 2.

Figure 14.

The relationship between parasitic motion $x$ and $ψ$ , $θ$ in configuration 2.

As we can see from Figure 11, the maximum and the minimum magnitudes of the prismatic motion in configuration 1 along the x-axis happen at four end points of $ψ$ and $θ$ .

Figure 12 shows that in configuration 3 the maximum and the minimum magnitudes of the prismatic motion along the x-axis happen at side boundary of the plane.

As depicted in Figures 13 and 14, the extreme value of the prismatic motion $ϕ$ occurs at two points $(θ, ψ) \in (- pi / 4, pi / 4)$ and $(pi / 4, - pi / 4)$ in configuration 2. The extreme value of parasitic motion $x$ occurs at two points $(θ, ψ) \in (- pi / 4, - pi / 4)$ and $(- pi / 4, - pi / 4)$ .

IKP

The position vector of the origin point in moving coordinate is P with respect to global coordinate and can be written as $P = (x, y, z)$ . The position vector of $B_{i}$ with respect to global coordinate can be written as equation (6).

Configuration 1

In configuration 1, the moving platform has 3 DOFs, which are 2 DOFs of revolution around X-axis and Y-axis and 1 DOF of translation along Z-axis. The rotation matrix is $T_{1}$

T_{1} = [\begin{matrix} c θ & s θ \cdot s ψ & s θ \cdot c ψ \\ 0 & c ψ & - s ψ \\ - s θ & c θ \cdot s ψ & c θ \cdot c ψ \end{matrix}]

(29)

Thus, equation (8) can be expressed as

\begin{matrix} {{}^{1}B}_{1} = {(\begin{matrix} (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ \cdot s ψ + x \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c ψ + y \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ \cdot s ψ + z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{1}B}_{2} = {(\begin{matrix} (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x \\ y \\ (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{1}B}_{3} = {(\begin{matrix} (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x \\ y \\ (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + z \end{matrix})}^{T} \end{matrix}

(30)

The vector of ${{}^{1}B}_{i} S_{i}$ can be written as

\begin{matrix} {{}^{1}B}_{1} S_{1} = {(\begin{matrix} (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ \cdot s ψ + x \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c ψ + y - {{}^{1}s}_{1} \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ \cdot s ψ + z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{1}B}_{2} S_{2} = {(\begin{matrix} (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x + {{}^{1}s}_{2} \\ y \\ (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{1}B}_{3} S_{3} = {(\begin{matrix} (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x - {{}^{1}s}_{3} \\ y \\ (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + z \end{matrix})}^{T} \end{matrix}

(31)

The unit vector of the axis of revolute pair in three limbs can be written as

{{}^{1}n}_{1} = (1, 0, 0); {{}^{1}n}_{2} = (0, 1, 0); {{}^{1}n}_{3} = (0, 1, 0)

(32)

Thus, equation (14) can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} x = - (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ \cdot s ψ \\ y = 0 \end{matrix}

(33)

In addition, the fixed length constraint of three limbs is

| B_{i} S_{i} | = l_{i}

(34)

which can be expressed as

\begin{matrix} l_{1}^{2} = {(\frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot c θ \cdot s ψ + z)}^{2} + {(\frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ψ - {{}^{1}s}_{1})}^{2} \\ l_{2}^{2} = {(- \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot c θ - \frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot s θ \cdot s ψ + {{}^{1}s}_{2})}^{2} \\ + {(\frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot s θ + z)}^{2} \\ l_{3}^{2} = {(\frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot c θ - \frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot s θ \cdot s ψ - {{}^{1}s}_{3})}^{2} \\ + {(- \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot s θ + z)}^{2} \end{matrix}

(35)

Configuration 3

In configuration 3, the rotation matrix is $T_{3}$

T_{3} = [\begin{matrix} c ϕ & - c ψ \cdot s ϕ & s ψ \cdot s ϕ \\ s ϕ & c ψ \cdot c ϕ & - s ψ \cdot c ϕ \\ 0 & s ψ & c ψ \end{matrix}]

(36)

Similar to configuration 1, the vector of ${{}^{3}B}_{i} S_{i}$ is

\begin{matrix} {{}^{3}B}_{1} S_{1} = {(\begin{matrix} (- 3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c ψ \cdot s ϕ + x \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c ψ \cdot c ϕ + y - {{}^{3}s}_{1} \\ (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot s ψ + z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{3}B}_{2} S_{2} = {(\begin{matrix} (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x + {{}^{3}s}_{2} \\ (- \sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + y \\ z \end{matrix})}^{T}; \\ {{}^{3}B}_{3} S_{3} = {(\begin{matrix} (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot c θ + x - {{}^{3}s}_{3} \\ (\sqrt{3} \cdot r / 2) \cdot s θ + y \\ z \end{matrix})}^{T} \end{matrix}

(37)

The unit vector of the axis of three revolute pairs is

{{}^{3}n}_{1} = (1, 0, 0); {{}^{3}n}_{2} = (0, 0, 1); {{}^{3}n}_{3} = (0, 0, 1)

(38)

Thus, equation (24) can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} x = (3 \cdot r / 2) \cdot c ψ \cdot s ϕ \\ z = 0 \end{matrix}

(39)

The fixed length constraint of three limbs can be expressed as

\begin{matrix} l_{1}^{2} = {(\frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ψ \cdot c ϕ + y - {{}^{3}s}_{1})}^{2} + {(\frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot s ψ)}^{2} \\ l_{2}^{2} = {(- \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ϕ + \frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ψ \cdot s ϕ + {{}^{3}s}_{2})}^{2} \\ + {(- \frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot s ϕ + y)}^{2} \\ l_{3}^{2} = {(\frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ϕ + \frac{3 \cdot r}{2} \cdot c ψ \cdot s ϕ - {{}^{3}s}_{3})}^{2} \\ + {(\frac{\sqrt{3} \cdot r}{2} \cdot s ϕ + y)}^{2} \end{matrix}

(40)

FKP

Given the actuated inputs $s_{i}$ , the pose of the moving platform can be solved by FKP. Let the pose of the moving platform be measured from the $B_{i}$ in global coordinate.

Figures 15 and 16 show the definition of $α_{i}$ , $β_{i}$ , and $γ_{i}$ , where $α_{i}$ is the angle between the axis of the revolution pair and the Y-axis in XOY plane, $β_{i}$ is the angle between rod i and its projection onto XOY plane, and $γ_{i}$ is the angle between rod’s projection onto XOY plane and X-axis, where the positive direction is counterclockwise. Thus, the coordinate values of points $B_{i}$ are

\begin{matrix} B_{1} = (\begin{matrix} 0 \\ s_{1} + l_{1} \cdot c β_{1} \\ l_{1} \cdot s β_{1} \end{matrix}); B_{2} = (\begin{matrix} s_{2} + l_{2} \cdot c β_{2} \cdot c γ_{2} \\ l_{2} \cdot c β_{2} \cdot s γ_{2} \\ l_{2} \cdot s β_{2} \end{matrix}); \\ B_{3} = (\begin{matrix} s_{3} - l_{3} \cdot c β_{3} \cdot c γ_{3} \\ l_{3} \cdot c β_{3} \cdot s γ_{3} \\ l_{3} \cdot s β_{3} \end{matrix}) \end{matrix}

(41)

Figure 15.

Local coordinate of limb 1.

Figure 16.

Local coordinate of limb 2 and limb 3.

Considering the geometric edge length of the moving platform is fixed, we can get the constraint equation

{| B_{2} - B_{1} |}^{2} = {| B_{3} - B_{1} |}^{2} = {| B_{3} - B_{2} |}^{2} = 3 \cdot r^{2}

(42)

And this equation can be derived as

\begin{matrix} A_{1} \cdot \cos β_{1} + B_{1} \cdot \cos β_{2} + C_{1} \cdot \cos β_{1} \cdot \cos β_{2} \\ + D_{1} \cdot \sin β_{1} \cdot \sin β_{2} + E_{1} = 0 \\ A_{2} \cdot \cos β_{1} + B_{2} \cdot \cos β_{3} + C_{2} \cdot \cos β_{1} \cdot \cos β_{3} \\ + D_{2} \cdot \sin β_{1} \cdot \sin β_{3} + E_{2} = 0 \\ A_{3} \cdot \cos β_{2} + B_{3} \cdot \cos β_{3} + C_{3} \cdot \cos β_{2} \cdot \cos β_{3} \\ + D_{3} \cdot \sin β_{2} \cdot \sin β_{3} + E_{3} = 0 \end{matrix}

(43)

where $β_{i}$ are variables, and i = 1,2,3. $A_{i}, B_{i}, C_{i}, D_{i}, E_{i}$ are the function of parameters of mechanism and inputs. Substituting the trigonometric identities $\sin β_{i} = 2 \cdot x / (1 + x^{2})$ and $\cos β_{i} = (1 - x^{2}) / (1 + x^{2})$ into equation (43), three simplified equations can be expressed as

{\begin{matrix} a_{1} \cdot x_{2}^{2} + b_{1} \cdot x_{2} + c_{1} = 0 \\ a_{2} \cdot x_{3}^{2} + b_{2} \cdot x_{3} + c_{2} = 0 \\ a_{3} \cdot x_{3}^{2} + b_{3} \cdot x_{3} + c_{3} = 0 \end{matrix}

(44)

where $a_{i}$ , $b_{i}$ , and $c_{i}$ are the coefficients of $x_{i}$ in different degrees.

Eliminating $x_{3}$ , we can obtain a fourth-degree polynomials of $x_{2}$ and $x_{1}$

\begin{matrix} (c_{3} \cdot b_{2} - c_{2} \cdot b_{3}) \cdot (a_{3} \cdot b_{2} - a_{2} \cdot b_{3}) \\ + (a_{3} \cdot c_{2} - a_{2} \cdot c_{3})^{2} = 0 \end{matrix}

(45)

Equation (45) can be transformed as

w_{1} \cdot x_{2}^{4} + w_{2} \cdot x_{2}^{3} + w_{3} \cdot x_{2}^{2} + w_{4} \cdot x_{2} + w_{5} = 0

(46)

Multiply equation (46) with $x_{2}$ , and equation (44) with $x_{2}$ , $x_{2}^{2}$ , $x_{2}^{3}$ . Together with equations (44) and (46), we can get

[\begin{matrix} w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & w_{5} & 0 \\ 0 & w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & w_{5} \\ a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} \end{matrix}] (\begin{matrix} x_{2}^{5} \\ x_{2}^{4} \\ x_{2}^{3} \\ x_{2}^{2} \\ x_{2} \\ 1 \end{matrix}) = 0

(47)

The characteristic determinant is

| \begin{matrix} w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & w_{5} & 0 \\ 0 & w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & w_{5} \\ a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} \end{matrix} | = 0

(48)

Expanding equation (48) results in 16th-degree polynomial in $x_{1}$ . and eight pairs of solutions for $x_{1}$ , which are negative to each other. Then, $x_{2}$ and $x_{3}$ can be computed

x_{2} = \frac{| \begin{matrix} 0 & w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & - w_{5} \\ w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & 0 \\ a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & 0 \end{matrix} |}{| \begin{matrix} 0 & w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} \\ w_{1} & w_{2} & w_{3} & w_{4} & w_{5} \\ a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{1} & b_{1} & c_{1} \end{matrix} |}

(49)

x_{3} = \frac{a_{2} \cdot c_{3} - a_{3} \cdot c_{2}}{a_{3} \cdot b_{2} - a_{2} \cdot b_{3}}

(50)

Consequently, $β_{i}$ $B_{i}$ and the position and orientation of the moving platform can be obtained.

Numerical verification

Parameters of the MPM in configuration 1 are given as $r = 50$ ; $s_{1} = 114$ , $s_{2} = - 106$ , $s_{3} = 106$ ; $L_{1} = 88$ , $L_{2} = 100$ , $L_{3} = 100$ ; where r is the circumradius of moving platform, $s_{i}$ are the displacement of prismatic joints in three limbs, and $L_{i}$ are the length of rods in three limbs, $i = 1, 2, 3$ .(all the dimensions are in mm).

Using the analysis of FKP and with MATLAB program, equation (48) can be written as

\begin{matrix} - 1.2085 e^{52} x_{1}^{16} + 6.3478 e^{54} x_{1}^{14} - 1.1872 e^{55} x_{1}^{12} \\ - 1.1301 e^{56} x_{1}^{10} + 1.1294 e 56 x_{1}^{8} \\ + 7.5485 e^{56} x_{1}^{6} - 2.0852 e^{55} x_{1}^{4} - 1.8462 e^{57} x_{1}^{2} \\ - 1.4602 e^{57} = 0 \end{matrix}

(51)

The results for equation (51) contain four real roots of $x_{1}$ : –22.8766, –1.61006, 1.61006, and 22.8766. Then, $x_{2}$ , $x_{3}$ , and $B_{i}$ can be obtained corresponding to four moving platform poses, which are shown in Figure 17 (the fixed base is shown in blue and the moving platform in red). All the roots have been checked and Figure 17(c) is the right configuration. The validity of all the roots shows that equation and the analysis process is correct.

Figure 17.

(a) Pose 1 in configuration 1, (b) pose 2 in configuration 1, (c) pose 3 in configuration 1, and (d) pose 4 in configuration 1.

Velocity and acceleration analysis

Velocity analysis

The velocity analysis of the mechanism is to gain the velocities of the prismatic pair from a given velocity of the moving platform. The velocity solutions of the mechanism are expressed below.

Velocity analysis in configuration 1

From equation (34), we can get the inverse kinematic equations in configuration 1.

Let $S_{1} = [s_{1}, s_{2}, s_{3}]^{T}$ and $φ_{1} = [ψ_{1}, θ_{1}, z_{1}]^{T}$ be the vectors of the actuated joint’s displacement and moving platform’s angle and displacement. ${\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1} = [{\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{1}, {\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{2}, {\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{3}]$ and ${\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{1} = [\overset{\cdot}{ψ}, \overset{\cdot}{θ}, \overset{\cdot}{Z}]$ are the vectors of the actuated joints rates and moving platform velocities.

Taking the derivative of both sides of equation (35) with respect to time deduces

T_{1} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1} = G_{1} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{1}

(52)

where $T_{1} = [\begin{matrix} a_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - c_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & e_{1} \end{matrix}]; G_{1} = [\begin{matrix} A_{1} & B_{1} & b_{1} \\ A_{2} & B_{2} & d_{1} \\ A_{3} & B_{3} & f_{1} \end{matrix}]$ .

The elements in the matrix are the function of parameters of $S_{1}$ and $φ_{1}$ .

When the manipulator is not in singular configuration, we can get

{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{1} = J_{1} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1}

(53)

where $J_{1} = G_{1}^{- 1} \cdot T_{1}$ ; equation (53) represents the velocity solution in configuration 1.

Velocity analysis in configuration 3

Similar to configuration 1, we can get the inverse kinematic equations from equation (40).

Let $S_{3} = [s_{1}, s_{2}, s_{3}]^{T}$ and $φ_{3} = [ψ_{3}, ϕ_{3}, y_{3}]^{T}$ be the vectors of the actuated joint’s displacement and moving platform’s angle and displacement. ${\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1} = [{\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{1}, {\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{2}, {\overset{\cdot}{s}}_{3}]$ and ${\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{3} = [\overset{\cdot}{ψ}, \overset{\cdot}{ϕ}, \overset{\cdot}{y}]$ are the vectors of the actuated joints rates and moving platform velocities.

Taking the derivative of both sides of equation (40) with respect to time deduces

T_{3} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{3} = G_{3} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{3}

(54)

where $T_{3} = [\begin{matrix} a_{3} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - c_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & e_{3} \end{matrix}]; G_{3} = [\begin{matrix} A_{4} & B_{4} & a_{3} \\ A_{5} & B_{5} & d_{3} \\ A_{6} & B_{6} & f_{3} \end{matrix}]$ .

The elements in the matrix are the function of parameters of $S_{3}$ and $φ_{3}$ .

Also we can obtain

{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{3} = J_{3} \cdot {\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{3}

(55)

where $J_{3} = G_{3}^{- 1} \cdot T_{3}$ ; equation (55) represents the velocity solution in configuration 3.

Acceleration analysis

Similar to the analysis of velocity of the mechanism, acceleration analysis also falls into two parts: configuration 1 and configuration 3.

Configuration 1

Taking the derivative of both sides of equation (53) with respect to time deduces

[G_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{1}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{1}] = [T_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{1}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1}]

(56)

Thus, we have

[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{1}] = {[G_{1}]}^{- 1} ([T_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{1}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{1}]) - [G_{1}]^{- 1} [{\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{1}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{1}]

(57)

where ${\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{1} = {[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{1}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{2}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{3}]}^{T}; {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{1} {[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{ψ}}_{1}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{θ}}_{1}, \overset{\cdot\cdot}{z}]}^{T}; {\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{1} = [\begin{matrix} {\overset{\cdot}{a}}_{1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - {\overset{\cdot}{c}}_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & {\overset{\cdot}{e}}_{1} \end{matrix}]; {\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{1} = [\begin{matrix} {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{1} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{1} & {\overset{\cdot}{b}}_{1} \\ {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{2} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{2} & {\overset{\cdot}{d}}_{1} \\ {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{3} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{3} & {\overset{\cdot}{f}}_{1} \end{matrix}]$ .

Configuration 3

Taking the derivative of both sides of equation (55) with respect to time deduces

[G_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{3}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{3}] = [T_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{3}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{3}]

(58)

Thus, we have

[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{3}] = {[G_{3}]}^{- 1} ([T_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{3}] + [{\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{S}}_{3}]) - [G_{3}]^{- 1} [{\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{3}] \cdot [{\overset{\cdot}{φ}}_{3}]

(59)

where ${\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{3} = {[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{1}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{2}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{S}}_{3}]}^{T}; {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{φ}}_{3} {[{\overset{\cdot\cdot}{ψ}}_{3}, {\overset{\cdot\cdot}{θ}}_{3}, \overset{\cdot\cdot}{y}]}^{T}; {\overset{\cdot}{T}}_{3} = [\begin{matrix} {\overset{\cdot}{a}}_{3} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & - {\overset{\cdot}{c}}_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & {\overset{\cdot}{e}}_{3} \end{matrix}]; {\overset{\cdot}{G}}_{3} = [\begin{matrix} {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{4} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{4} & {\overset{\cdot}{a}}_{3} \\ {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{5} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{5} & {\overset{\cdot}{d}}_{3} \\ {\overset{\cdot}{A}}_{6} & {\overset{\cdot}{B}}_{6} & {\overset{\cdot}{f}}_{3} \end{matrix}]$ .

Workspace analysis

Constraint conditions

The reachable workspace analysis can be obtained by the inverse kinematics problem (IKP) and can be classified into two types: position workspace and orientation workspace.

According to the characteristic of the mechanism, the constraint conditions include the displacement of the prismatic pair, rod length of three limbs, rotation range of the spherical pair and revolute pair, circumradius of the moving platform, and so on. The major factors are as follows.

Displacement of prismatic pair

The displacement of prismatic pair consists of configuration 1, configuration 3, and configuration of transition. When the total displacement and transitional displacement are fixed, the displacement of configuration 1 and configuration 3 will influence each other.

The constraint conditions are

d_{i 1 min} \leq d_{i 1} \leq d_{i 1 max}; d_{i 3 min} \leq d_{i 3} \leq d_{i 3 max}

(60)

where $d_{i 1}$ , $d_{i 3}$ are the displacement of prismatic pair in limb $i$ , $d_{i 1 min}$ , $d_{i 3 min}$ are the minimum displacement of prismatic pair in limb $i$ , $d_{i 1 max}$ , $d_{i 3 max}$ are the maximum displacement of prismatic pair in limb $i$ , and the subscript 1 and 3 represent the configuration 1 and configuration 3, respectively.

Rod length of the limbs

The rod length of the limbs is one of the main parameters that can affect the workspace. The constraint condition is

L_{min} \leq l_{i} \leq L_{max}

(61)

where $L_{min}$ is the minimum length of the rod, $L_{max}$ is the maximum length of the rod, and $l_{i}$ is the rod length of limb $i$ .

Rotation range of the spherical pair and revolute pair

In this mechanism, every limb has a spherical pair and a revolute pair, and the range of their rotation angle is limited in practice.

Define $θ_{S}$ as the rotation angle of the spherical pair, which is the angle between the unit normal vector of moving platform $n_{S}$ and the unit vector of the direction of the rod $l_{i}$ . Then, the rotation range of the spherical pair is

θ_{S} = \arccos (\frac{l_{i} \cdot n_{S}}{| l_{i} | \cdot | n_{S} |}) \leq θ_{S max}

(62)

where $θ_{S max}$ is the maximum angle of the rotation of spherical pair.

Define $θ_{R}$ as the rotation angle of the revolute pair, which is the angle between the unit vector of the moving direction of the prismatic pair $n_{P}$ and the unit vector of the direction of the rod $l_{i}$ . Then, the rotation range of the revolute pair is

θ_{R} = \arccos (\frac{l_{i} \cdot n_{p}}{| l_{i} | \cdot | n_{p} |}) \leq θ_{R max}

(63)

where $θ_{R max}$ is the maximum angle of the rotation of revolute pair.

Furthermore, the installation angle of the spherical pair affects the workspace of the mechanism, but when the structures are determined, the installation angle is fixed and has no influence.

Solving model of the workspace

The reachable position workspace is almost straight line if the original point of the moving platform is the reference point. The reachable orientation workspace is analyzed using the 3D search method. The flow diagram of the solving model of workspace is depicted in Figure 18.

Figure 18.

Flow diagram of solving model of workspace.

Reachable orientation workspace

In this subsection, a case study is proposed to show the reachable orientation workspace of the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM. The geometrical and constraint parameters are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Geometrical and constraint parameters.

Geometrical and constraint parameters	Values	Geometrical and constraint parameters	Values
$r$	60 mm	${{}^{3}s}_{2}$	[–105 mm, –65 mm]
${{}^{1}l}_{1}$	200 mm	${{}^{1}s}_{3}$	[120 mm, 165 mm]
${{}^{3}l}_{1}$	240 mm	${{}^{3}s}_{3}$	[65 mm, 105 mm]
$l_{2}$ , $l_{3}$	200 mm	$θ_{S max}$	30°
$s_{1}$	[0 mm, 200 mm]	$θ_{R max}$	90°
${{}^{1}s}_{2}$	[–165 mm, –120 mm]

The reachable workspace of the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM is analyzed by numerical examples, and the workspace shape is shown in Figure 19(a) and (b).

Figure 19.

(a) Workspace in configuration 1 and (b) workspace in configuration 3.

From the dots clouds demonstrated in Figure 19, we can see that the rotation angles are $α \in [- 5 °, 13 °]$ , $β \in [- 4.5 °, 4.5 °]$ and the displacement along Z-axis is $Z \in [173, 188]$ in configuration 1. The rotation angles are $α \in [61 °, 70 °]$ , $γ \in [- 3.5 °, 3.5 °]$ and the displacement along Y-axis is $Y \in [- 200, - 192]$ .

By contrasting the 3-PRS mechanisms without metamorphic configuration in same constraint conditions, the dots clouds of the workspace are shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20.

Workspace in 3-PRS without metamorphic configuration.

We can see that the rotation angles are $α \in [- 8.2 °, 13.6 °]$ , $β \in [- 7.7 °, 7.7 °]$ and the displacement along Z-axis is $Z \in [174, 200]$ . Compared with the 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM, the shape of the workspace of 3-PRS mechanism is bigger than MPM in configuration 1, but cannot reach to configuration 3 which may be the limitation for industrial application.

An example for application in robotic supporting leg

As depicted in Figure 21, the abovementioned MPM installed in front of a wheel-tracked robot has a supporting leg and there is a wheel installed on the moving platform of the MPM. Two retractable wheels are mounted at the rear and two fixed wheels are mounted on the top of the robot. With the displacement along the Z directions in configuration 1 of the MPM and the extend retract of the rear wheels, the wheel-tracked robot can go through pipes of different diameters and avoid collision with the inner wall of the pipe (see Figure 21(a) and side view in Figure 21(b)). Also, the robot can realize wheeled motion when the road is flat (see Figure 21(c)). When the MPM is in configuration 3 and the rear wheels are contracted and hided in the robot, the robot can move with tracks. With the displacement along the Y direction in configuration 3 and the rotation in X direction in transiting configuration of the MPM, the robot can surmount obstacles of different heights and maintain stability with the aid of the supporting leg (see Figure 21(d)). Thus, we can see that the different working configurations have positive significance in improving the flexibility of the MPM and robotic supporting leg.

Figure 21.

(a) Wheel-tracked robot in pipe, (b) side view of the robot in pipe, (c) wheeled motion on the ground, and (d) surmount obstacle.

Conclusion

This article presented a 2-PrRS-PR(P)S MPM with two working configurations and a transiting configuration. A detailed description about its architecture and the way of metamorphosis are proposed. The mobility of the MPM has been obtained in different configurations with screw theory which are two revolutions around X-axis and Y-axis and a translation along Z-axis in configuration 1 and two revolutions around X-axis and Z-axis and a translation along Y-axis in configuration 3.

According to the geometry constraint conditions, the parasitic motion in different configurations of the moving platform is analyzed. Then, the IKP and FKP of the mechanism are investigated by the closed-loop equation and validated via numerical examples. The velocity and acceleration in two working configurations are obtained by the derivation of closed-loop equation in the IKP.

The reachable orientation workspace is discussed using the 3D search method in different configurations. Compared with the 3-PRS PM without metamorphosis, the workspace is little smaller in configuration 1, but it can reach another position and orientation in configuration 3 that 3-PRS PM cannot get. An application of a robotic supporting leg is presented using the advantages of two working configurations. The analysis in this article verified its feasibility for applying this MPM in the varied requirements and environments in industry, especially in goods sorting and handling, turnover mechanism, robotic legs, and so on.

Footnotes

Handling Editor: Jixiang Yang

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51705412), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Program No. 2015JM5235), and the Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, China Ministry of Education (ESSCKF 2015-04), and Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (Program No. 16JF019).

ORCID iD

Kun Ma

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Fang

. Topology and Constraint Analysis of Phase Change in the Metamorphic Chain and Its Evolved Mechanism[J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2010; 132(12): 121001.