The 1954 Salk poliomyelitis vaccine field trial

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Laurence WL. Salk polio vaccine proves success; millions will be immunized soon; city schools begin shots April 25. New York Times, April 13, 1955, p. 1, 20.

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Sabin AR. “Testimony,” Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives. Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis), 83rd Congress, 1st Session, October 6, 12, 1953.

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Report of the Subcommittee on Epidemic Intelligence of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers, December 14–15. Alabama archives 1, 1953.

Advisory Committee. Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Technical Aspects of the Poliomyelitis Field Trials, January 30–31. Alabama Department of Public Health, Polio Correspondence, SG014427, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama [hereafter Alabama archives 2], 1954.

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Osborne SH. Letter to DG Gill, February 23. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

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Zimmerer EG. Letter to DG Gill, February 8. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Bergsma D. Letter to RF Sellers, February 11. Alabama Department of Public Health, Polio Correspondence, SG014426, Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama [hereafter Alabama archives 1], 1954.

McDaniel GE. Letter to DG Gill, February 13. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Shanholtz MI. Letter to DG Gill, January 6. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

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Gill DG. Letter to Thomas Hood, January 19. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Feemster RF. Letter to Hart van Riper, January 12. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Kirkwood SB. Letter to DG Gill, January 7. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Chesley AJ. Letter to DG. Gill, February 16. Alabama archives 1, 1954.

Hailey F. Doctor criticizes polio vaccine use. New York Times, March 12: 1954, p. 22.

Francis Jr T. Polio vaccine evaluation program daily log, Francis papers, 1954.

New York Times. Polio tests deferred, April 7, 1954, p. 25.

New York Times. County in Michigan cancels polio test, April 10, 1954, p. 13.

New York Times. Minnesota defers polio test action, April 15, 1954, p. 27.

Chicago Daily Tribune. Winnebago Co. Medics Refuse Polio Test O.K., April 14, p. A2.

Jordan RP. Polio officials to decide fate of vaccine at meeting here, Washington Post and Times Herald, April 19, 1954, p. 15.

Washington Post and Times Herald. Arlington polio test in doubt, April 10, 1954, p. 17.

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Sullivan JA. Telegram to Leonard Scheele, April 12, 1954. Box 1, MS C 251, US Public Health Service Polio Vaccine Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 1954.

Michigan University. Poliomyelitis Evaluation Center, An evaluation of the 1954 poliomyelitis vaccine trials; summary report. Ann Arbor: n.p., 1955.

Cleere R. Letter to Hart van Riper, March 10, 1954. Thomas J Francis, Jr. papers, Bentley Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor [hereafter Francis papers], 1954.

Dublin T. Letter to Henry Kumm, March 14. Francis papers, 1954.

Weigele CE. Letter to Hart van Riper, March 12. Francis papers, 1954.

Daub T, Hsu K, Knab B. The shot heard round the world. Fairfax County and the Salk vaccine. Yearbook: The Historical Society of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1993–1994; 24: 5–24.

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Instructions (nd), Alabama archives 2.

New York City Health Department. Health Department news releases, April 21, May 3, Box 111, 002 Office of the Mayor Subject Files (Health Department), New York City Municipal Archives, 1954.

Baumgartner L. Report to Mayor Wagner on the 1954 poliomyelitis work. Box 150, 002 Office of the Mayor, Subject Files (infantile paralysis), Municipal Archives, New York City, 1954.

New Yorker. O pioneers!, May 8, 1954.

Kennedy H. Letter to Thomas Francis, August 9. Francis papers, 1954.

Ridge ME. Letter to Thomas Francis, August 9. Francis papers, 1954.

Francis Jr T. Letter to Hugo Muench, November 22. Francis papers, 1954.

Voight RB. Letter to Dr. Francis, September 9. Francis papers, 1954.

New York City Health Department. Health Department news release, October 8. Box 150, 002 Office of the Mayor Subject Files (infantile paralysis), New York City Municipal Archives, 1954.

Francis Jr T. Memorandum of telephone conversation with Dr. Thomas Dublin, December 28. Francis papers, 1954.

Chicago Daily Tribune. Polio conquered, April 13, 1955, p. 12.

Washington Post and Times Herald. Triumph over polio, April 13, 1955, p. 12.

Haseltine N. 85,000 in DC area to get shots of safe polio vaccine, Washington Post and Times Herald, April 13, 1955, p. 1.

Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago’s polio plan told, April 13, 1955, p. 1.

Chicago Daily Tribune. Indiana gets big supply of Salk vaccine, April 14, 1955, p. 3.

New York Times. 281,853 eligible for vaccine here, April 13, 1955, p. 1.

Chicago Daily Tribune. State unable to give vaccine to city’s needy, April 14, 1955, p. 2.

Asbury EE. Mayor again urges US vaccine control, New York Times, April 18, 1955, p. 1, 18.

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Meier P . Safety testing of poliomyelitis vaccine. Science 1957; 125: 1067–71.

US Public Health Service. Technical report on Salk poliomyelitis vaccine. US DHEW, PHS, Washington, DC, 1955.

Salk JE. Letter to William Workman, January 25, Record Group 88-76-33, Box 2, Federal Records Center, Suitland, Maryland, 1955.

Cornfield J Halperin M Moore F . Some statistical aspects of safety testing the Salk poliomyelitis vaccine. Public Health Rep 1956; 10: 1045–56.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfaire; Public Health Service. Regulations for poliomyelitis vaccine, Part 73, Biologic Products. Subchapter F, Quarantine, Inspection, licensing. Fed Regist 1956; 21: 4922–24, July 3.

Federal Register. February 21, 1957; 22: 1086.

Federal Register. April 17, 1958; 23: 2573–74.

Etheridge EW . Sentinel for Health. A History of the Centers for Disease Control University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992.

Cochran WG. [Talk on the field trials], Francis papers, 1954.

Eisenhart C . Some canons of sound experimentation. Bull Int Stat Inst 1960; 37: 339–50.

Brownlee KA . Statistics of the 1954 polio vaccine trials. J Am Stat Assoc 1955; 272: 1005–13.

Horstmann DM . The Sabin live poliovirus vaccination trials in the USSR, 1959. Yale J Biol Med 1991; 64: 499–512.

Stokes J Weibel R Halenda R Reilly CM Hilleman MM . Studies of live attenuated measles virus vaccine in man. Amer J Public Health 1962; 52: 29–56.

Jefferson T. Why the MRC randomized trials of whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines remain important 40 years after they were done. The James Lind Library. Available at: www.jameslindlibrary.org (accessed 19 July 2007), 2006.

Guinee VF Henderson DA Casey HL . Cooperative measles vaccine field trial. I Clinical Efficacy. Pediatrics 1966; 37: 649–55.

Meldrum M . ‘Acalculated risk’: the Salk polio vaccine trials of 1954. BMJ 1998; 317: 1233–36.

Burke DS . Lessons learned from the 1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine. Clin Trials 2004; 1: 3–5.

Harrington M . In memoriam: David Byar as an AIDS activist. Controlled Clin Trials 1995; 16: 270–75.