Raising culturally-derived awareness and building culturally-appropriate responsibility: The development of the Cross-Cultural Kaleidoscope

Abstract

This paper proposes that raising culturally-bound awareness and building culturally-appropriate responsibility constitute the essence of good inter-cultural coaching practice. It presents a coaching model that can facilitate this awareness and responsibility building and provides key concepts from the literature review and findings of a qualitative research project that have informed its construction. If cross-cultural coaching becomes an established form of coaching practice, coaches must be cognizant of the dangers of transporting ‘Western’ models of coaching that are biased towards their own cultural lens. It is proposed that the differing values informing constructs such as ‘responsibility’ can change over the lifespan due to multiple and prolonged intercultural experiences and this may require that the coach work with ‘unlearning’ as a key intercultural competency.

Keywords

The Cross-Cultural Kaleidoscope Cross-cultural Coaching Global Executive Coaching Culturally-derived awareness Culturally-appropriate responsibility

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Association for Coaching and Passmore

(Eds). (2009). Diversity in Coaching, Working with gender, culture, race and age. London: Kogan Page.

Augsberger

D.W.

(1986). Pastoral Counseling Across Cultures. Westminster: John Knox Press.

Bond

M. H.

(1983). How language variation affects inter-cultural differentiation of values by Hong Kong bilinguals. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2(1), 57–67.

Bond

M.H.

et al. (2004). Culture-Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and Their Correlates across 41 countries. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 35, 548–570.

British Council (2013). Culture at Work, The value of intercultural skills in the workplace http://www.britishcouncil.org/culture-at-work-research_march_2013.pdf

Cavanagh

(2006). Coaching from a systemic perspective, A complex Adaptive Conversation, in: Stober

D.R.

and Grant

A.M.

(eds.) Evidence based coaching handbook, (pp. 313–354) New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Drucker

(1954). The practice of management. Oxford: Heinemann.

Ellis

and Harper

(1997). A guide to Rational Living. Chatsworth: Wilshire Book Company.

Fisher

(1998). Mindsets: The role of culture and perception in International Relations, 2nd ed. Clerkenwell: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

10.

Gannon

(2001). Cultural metaphor, readings, research translations, and commentary. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

11.

Gilbert

and Rosinski

(2008). ‘Accessing cultural orientations: the online Cultural Orientations Framework Assessment as a tool for coaching’. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 1(1), 81–92.

12.

Hall

B.P.

(1994). Values shift: A guide to personal and organisational transformation. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers.

13.

Hall

T.E.

(1959). The silent language. New York: Anchor Books.

14.

Hall

T.E.

(1966). The hidden dimension. New York: Anchor Books.

15.

Hannerz

(1992). Cultural complexity: studies in the cultural organisation of meaning. New York: Columbia University Press.

16.

Hofstede

(1980). Culture's consequences: international differences in work related values. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.

17.

Hofstede

(2001). Culture's consequences, comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. California: Sage Publications.

18.

Hofstede

(2003). Cultures and organizations, intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. London: Profile Books.

19.

Hofstede

(2006). ‘What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds’. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 882–896.

20.

Hofstede

, Hofstede

G.J.

and Minkov

(2010). Cultures and organizations, Software of the mind. USA: McGraw Hill.

21.

Holland

(2006). Studying complex adaptive systems. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 19, 1–8.

22.

House

R.J.

, Javidan

, Hanges

Dorfman

(2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business 37, 3–10, Elsevier Science.

23.

House

R.J.

, Hanges

P.J.

, Javidan

, Dorfman

P.W.

and Gupta

(2004). Culture, Leadership and Organisations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

24.

Inglehart

, Basanez

and Moreno

(1998). Human Values and Beliefs: A cross-cultural sourcebook. Ann- Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

25.

Inkeles

and Levinson

D.J.

(1954/1963). ‘The Personal System and the Sociocultural System in Large-scale Organizations’. Sociometry, 26, 2, 217–229.

26.

Kluckhohn

and Strodtbeck

(1961). Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston: Row, Peterson and Company.

27.

Law

, Ireland

and Hussain

(2007). The Psychology of Coaching, Mentoring and Learning. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

28.

Law

H.C.

(2011) Intercultural coaching approach for Asian family business. In: Shams

& Lane

(Ed.) Coaching in the family owned business – a path to growth. London: Karnac Books.

29.

Lopez

S.J.

, Prosser

E.C.

, Edwards

L.M.

, Magyar-Moe

J.L.

, Neufeld

J.E.

and Rasmussen

H.N.

(2002). ‘Putting Positive Psychology in a Multicultural Context’, in: Snyder

C.R.

and Lopez

S.J.

(eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

30.

McClelland

D.C.

(1985). Human Motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

31.

Moral

and Abbott

(Eds) (2009). The Routledge companion to international business coaching. London: Routledge.

32.

Moran

R.T.

, Harris

P.R.

and Moran

S.V.

(2007). Managing Cultural Differences, Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century. Oxford: Elsevier.

33.

Nangalia

and Nangalia

(2010). The coach in Asian society: Impact of social hierarchy on the coaching relationship. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 8 (1).

34.

Nisbett

R.E.

(2005). The Geography of Thought, How Asians and Westerners Think Differently and Why. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

35.

Orem

S.L.

, Binkert

and Clancy

A.L.

(2007). Appreciative Coaching: A Positive Process for Change. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

36.

Osland

J.S.

, Bird

, Delano

, and Jacob

(2000). Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sense-making in context. Academy of Management Executive, 14(1).

37.

Plaister-Ten

(2009). Towards Greater Cultural Understanding in Coaching. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Special Issue (3).

38.

Plaister-Ten

(2010). Adapt and Survive. Coaching at Work, 5(5).

39.

PriceWaterHouseCoopers (2010). Managing people in a changing world, Key trends in human capital a global perspective. http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hr-management-services/pdf/managing-people-in-a-changing-world.pdf

40.

Putnam

R.D.

(1993). Making democracy work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

41.

Rogers

C.R.

(1964). Toward a Modern Approach to Values: The Valuing Process in the Mature Person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(2), 160–167.

42.

Rokeach

(1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: The Free Press.

43.

Rosinski

(2003). Coaching across cultures. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

44.

Schein

E.H.

(1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd ed. San Francisco: John Wiley.

45.

Schwartz

S.H.

and Sagiv

(1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(1), 92–116.

46.

Shams

and Lane

D.A.

(Eds.). (2010). Coaching in the family owned business: a path to growth. London: Karnac Books.

47.

Stout-Rostron

(2009). Business Coaching International: Transforming Individuals and Organizations. London: Karnac Books.

48.

Tajfel

and Turner

J.C.

(2004). ‘An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict,’ in: Hatch

M.J.

and Schultz

(eds.), Organizational Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

49.

Triandis

H.C.

(2001). ‘Individualism and Collectivism, Past, Present and Future’, in: Matsumoto

(ed.) The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

50.

Trilling

(1955). The Opposing Self. London: Secker and Warburg.

51.

Trompenaars

and Hampden-Turner

(1997). Riding the Waves of Culture, Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

52.

The United Nations Population Fund (2011). The State of the World's Population 2011 http://foweb.unfpa.org/SWP2011/reports/EN-SWOP2011-FINAL.pdf

53.

Vygotsky

L.S.

(1962), in: John-Steiner

, Souberman

, Cole

and Scribner

(eds.) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

54.

Whitmore

(2002). Coaching for Performance, GROWing People, Performance and Purpose, 3rd ed. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.