Samples of Savonnières limestone subjected to repeated wetting–drying cycles were investigated by both neutron radiography and X-ray micro-tomography to collect information on saline uptake and salt precipitation. Capillary uptake of water, 1.4 molal sodium sulphate and 5.8 molal sodium chloride solution was visualized with neutron radiography. The liquid penetration coefficients and diffusivities were determined and are markedly lower for the salt solutions than for water, due to the higher surface tension and viscosity of salt solutions. Halite distributions were derived from neutron radiographs. Porosity analysis of X-ray tomographic datasets allowed quantifying thenardite distributions and porosity decrease due to salt crystallization.
AliKAnwar-ul-HaqBilalS. (2006) Concentration and temperature dependence of surface parameters of some aqueous salt solutions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects272: 105–110.
2.
BoinMHaibelA (2006) Compensation of ring artefacts in synchrotron tomographic images. Optics Express14(25): 12071–12075.
3.
BrabantLVlassenbroeckJDe WitteY. (2011) Three-dimensional analysis of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography data with Morpho+. Microscopy and Microanalysis17(2): 252–263.
4.
CarmelietJHensHRoelsS. (2004) Determination of the liquid water diffusivity from transient moisture transfer experiments. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science27(4): 277–305.
5.
CarmelietJJanssenHDerluynH (2007) An improved moisture diffusivity model for porous building materials. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium for Building Physics (eds MeinholdUPetzoldH), Dresden, Germany, 29–31 March 2007 (ISBN 978-3-86005-564-9), pp. 228–235.
6.
DerluynH (2012) Salt transport and crystallization in porous limestone: neutron –X-ray imaging and poromechanical modeling. Dissertation ETH No. 20673, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
7.
DreesenRDusarM (2004) Historical building stones in the province of Limburg (NE Belgium): role of petrography in provenance and durability assessment. Materials Characterization53: 273–287.
8.
FeldkampLADavisLCKressJW (1984) Practical cone-beam algorithm. Journal of the Optical Society of America1(6): 612–619.
9.
FlattRJ (2002) Salt damage in porous materials: how high supersaturations are generated. Journal of Crystal Growth242: 435–454.
10.
GlassHMadginW (1934) Viscosities of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Part I. Sodium sulphate solutions over the temperature range 25–40°C. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 1124–1128.
11.
GoudieAVilesH (1997) Salt Weathering Hazards. Chichester: Wiley.
12.
HallCHoffWD (2002) Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concrete. New York: Spon Press.
13.
HassaneinR (2006) Correction methods for the quantitative evaluation of thermal neutron tomography. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
14.
HassaneinRLehmannEVontobelP (2005) Methods of scattering corrections for quantitative neutron radiography. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A542: 353–360.
15.
IoannouIHoffWD (2008) Water repellent influence on salt crystallization in masonry. Proceedings of the ICE: Construction Materials161: 17–23.
16.
KaestnerAPHartmannSKühneG. (2011) The ICON beamline – a facility for cold neutron imaging at SINQ. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A659: 387–393.
17.
KestinJEzzatKhalifa HCorreiaRJ (1981) Tables of the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of aqueous NaCl solutions in the temperature range 20–150°C and the pressure range 0.1–35 MPa. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data10(1): 71–87.
18.
LathamSJVarslotTKSheppardAP (2008) Automated registration for augmenting micro-CT 3D images. ANZIAM Journal50(1): C534–C548.
19.
LehmannEHVontobelPWiezelL (2001) Properties of the radiography facility NEUTRA at SINQ and its potential for use as European reference facility. Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation16: 191–202.
20.
PetkovicJ (2005) Moisture and ion transport in layered porous building materials: a nuclear magnetic resonance study. PhD Thesis, T.U. Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
21.
ReinhardtHW (1997) Penetration and permeability of concrete: barriers to organic and contaminating liquids. RILEM report 16. London: E & FN Spon, pp. 14.
22.
RoelsS (2000) Modelling unsaturated moisture transport in heterogeneous limestone. PhD Thesis, K.U. Leuven, Belgium.
23.
RoelsSCarmelietJ (2006) Analysis of moisture flow in porous materials using microfocus X-ray radiography. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer49(25–26): 4762–4772.
24.
RoelsSCarmelietJHensH. (2004) A comparison of different techniques to quantify moisture content profiles in porous building materials. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science27(4): 261–276.
25.
RuckerPHolmAKrusM (2000) Determination of moisture and salt content distributions by combining NMR and gamma ray measurements. Materials Week, International Congress on Advanced Materials, Processes and Applications, Munich, Germany, 25–28 Sept. 2000.
26.
Shahidzadeh-BonnNDesarnaudJBetrandF. (2010) Damage in porous media due to salt crystallization. Physical Review E81: 066110.
27.
WashburnEW (1921) The dynamics of capillary flow. Physical Review17(3): 273–283.
