The Silences Framework and its underpinning concept of ‘Screaming Silences’ was originally presented with the invitation for further peer review and utilisation in other contexts in order to test its usefulness and enable critique by a wider audience. This paper reports the use of the framework in a study researching nurse-led interventions for released ex-offenders. Screaming Silences were situated in how an issue, as experienced by ex-offenders, screams out to them in relation to their health and its impact on their reality while remaining silent in the consciousness of society and the application of practice. In addressing these Screaming Silences, we associated the Silences Framework within marginal discourses as they are less prioritised by policy and frequently positioned as far removed from what society considers as normal. Screaming Silences were situated in the subjective experiences of ex-offenders known as the ‘listener’ and the social and personal context in which these experiences occurred. We affirmed that the framework is ideally suited for researching issues which are under-researched, silent from policy discourse and excluded from practice, as it is oriented towards exploring individual experiences by valuing individual interpretations of events.
AbracenJLangtonCMLoomanJ (2013) Mental health diagnoses and recidivism in paroled offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology58(7): 765–779.
2.
AfsharHMaynardM (2000) Gender and ethnicity at the millennium: From margin to centre. Ethnic and Racial Studies23(5): 805–819.
3.
Anfara VA and Mertz NT (2006) (eds) Theoretical Frameworks in Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
4.
BinswangerIANowelsCCorsiKF (2011) ‘From the prison door right to the sidewalk, everything went downhill’: A qualitative study of the health experiences of recently released inmates. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry34(6): 249–255.
5.
BlessettBPryorM (2013) The invisible job seeker: The absence of ex-offenders in discussions of diversity management. Public Administration Quarterly37(3): 433–439.
6.
BradleyK (2009) Lord Bradley's review of people with mental health problems or learning disabilities in the criminal justice system, London: Crown Publishers.
7.
BrookerCSirdifieldC (2007) New Futures Health Trainers: An Impact Assessment, Lincoln: University of Lincoln.
8.
ByngRQuinnCSheaffR (2012) Care for offenders, continuity of access, London: NIHR Service Delivery and Organisation Programme.
9.
CattellJMackieAPrestageY (2013) Results from the Offender Management Community Cohort Study (OMCCS): Assessment and sentence planning, London: Ministry of Justice.
10.
11.
CookeC (2004) Joblessness and homelessness as precursors of health problems in formerly incarcerated African American men. Journal of Nursing Scholarship36(2): 155–160.
12.
CrowI (2001) The Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offenders, 1st edn, London: SAGE Publications.
13.
DawesGD (2011) The challenges of reintegrating Indigenous youth after their release from detention. Journal of Youth Studies14(6): 693–707.
DwyerSCBuckleJ (2009) The space between: On being an insider-outsider in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods8(1): 54–63.
18.
EshareturiCSerrant-GreenLBayliss-PrattL (2014) The case for nurses as central providers of health and social care services for ex-offenders: A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing70(5): 1030–1039.
19.
FoucaultM (1972) The Archeology of Knowledge, 1st edn. London: Tavistock Publications.
20.
GilbertT (2006) Mixed methods and mixed methodologies: The practical, the technical and the political. Journal of Research in Nursing11(3): 205–217.
21.
HeddermanC (2013) Payment by results: Hopes, fears and evidence. British Journal of Community Justice11(2–3): 43–58.
Ifekwunigwe JO (1997) Diaspora’s daughters, Africa’s orphans? On lineage, authenticity and ‘mixed race’ identity. In: Mirza HS (ed.) Black British Feminism: A Reader. London: Routledge, Chapter 13, pp.127–152.
24.
JarrettNCAdeyemiSAHugginsT (2006) Bridging the gap: Providing health care to newly released men. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved17(1): 70–80.
25.
KameshwarP (2013) Fundamentals of Evidence Based Medicine, 2nd edn. New Delhi: Springer Publishers.
26.
KariminiaALawMGButlerTG (2007) Suicide risk among recently released prisoners in New South Wales, Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia187(7): 387–390.
27.
Lincoln YS and Guba EG (2000) Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences. In: NK Denzin and YS Lincoln (eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp.163–188.
28.
LouryGC (2008) Race, Incarceration, and American Values, 1st edn. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
29.
MaeveMK (2003) Nursing care partnerships with women leaving jail: Effects on health and crime. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services41(9): 30–40.
30.
MarlowE (2008) The impact of health care access on the community reintegration of male parolees, PhD Thesis, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
31.
Ministry of Justice (MOJ) (2013) Transforming rehabilitation: A strategy for reform. Report. London: Stationery Office.
32.
MooreR (2012) Beyond the prison walls: Some thoughts on prisoner ‘resettlement' in England and Wales. Criminology and Criminal Justice12(2): 129–147.
33.
National Audit Office (2013) Response to the Ministry of Justice consultation on its proposals outlined in Transforming Rehabilitation – a revolution in the way we manage offenders. Report. London: National Audit Office.
34.
NormanA (2010) Improving offender health care. British Journal of Nursing19(22): 1387–1389.
RatnerC (2002) Subjectivity and objectivity in qualitative methodology. Forum: Qualitative Social Research3: 16.
37.
RennieCSeniorJShawJ (2009) The future is offender health: Evidencing mainstream health services throughout the offender pathway. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health19(1): 1–8.
38.
SalkeRFlemingM (2012) A modernized and integrated approach to medical re-entry. Corrections Forum21(5): 35–39.
39.
ScottDAMcGillowaySDempsterM (2013) Effectiveness of criminal justice liaison and diversion services for offenders with mental disorders: A review. Psychiatric Services64(9): 843–849.
40.
Serrant-GreenL (2011) The sound of ‘silence’: A framework for researching sensitive issues or marginalised perspectives in health. Journal of Research in Nursing16(4): 347–360.
41.
Social Exclusion Unit (2002) Reducing re-offending by ex-prisoners. Report, London: Social Exclusion Unit.
42.
Social Exclusion Unit (2004) Social exclusion and mental health. Report, London: Social Exclusion Unit.
43.
ThomasTHebentonB (2013) Dilemmas and consequences of prior criminal record: A criminological perspective from England and Wales. Criminal Justice Studies26(2): 228–242.
44.
Travis J (2005) But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
45.
TremainS (2008) Foucault and the Government of Disability, 4th edn. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan University Press.
46.
Van DoreenKClaudioFKinnerSA (2011) Beyond reintegration: A framework for understanding ex-prisoner health. International Journal of Prisoner Health7(4): 26–36.
47.
WallaceDPapachristosAV (2014) Recidivism and the availability of health care organizations. Justice Quarterly31: 1–21.
48.
WildboreA (2004) Opportunities to promote health to vulnerable male teenagers. Nursing Times100(29): 36–37.
49.
WildemanC (2012) Imprisonment and (inequality in) population health. Social Science Research41(1): 74–91.
