/ This study surveyed Al-Jazeera viewers through a survey posted on the network's Arabic-language website to examine how credible Al-Jazeera viewers judge the network. Not surprisingly, Al-Jazeera viewers rated the network as highly credible on all measures. They rated CNN and BBC high on expertise, but ranked them low on trustworthiness. Consequently, BBC and CNN were also rated low on other credibility measures. Local Arab media were judged lowest on all credibility measures. Those who were younger and who relied heavily on Al-Jazeera were more likely to judge the network as credible.
Aday, S., S. Livingston and M. Hebert (2004) `Embedding the Truth: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Objectivity and Television Coverage of the Iraq War', Harvard International Journal of Press Politics10(1): 2-21.
2.
Al-Jaber, K. (2004) The Credibility of Arab Broadcasting: The Case of Al-Jazeera. Doha Qatar: Qatar National Council for Culture, Arts and Heritage.
3.
Al-Kasim, F. (1999) `Freedom of Press in the Arab World', Harvard International Journal of Press Politics4(3): 93-7.
4.
Al-Makaty, S.S., D.A. Boyd and G.N. van Tubergen . (1994) `Source Credibility During the Gulf War: A Q Study of Rural and Urban Saudi Arabian Citizens', Journalism Quarterly71: 55-63.
5.
Allied Media Corp (2007) `Al Jazeera TV Viewer Demographic'; at: www.allied-media.com/aljazeera/JAZdemog.html
6.
American Society of Newspaper Editors (1985 ) `Why Credibility Matters', Newspaper Credibility: Building Reader Trust. Minneapolis, MN: American Society of Newspaper Editors.
7.
Amin, H. (2003) `Watching the War in the Arab World', Journal of Transnational Broadcasting Studies10 (Spring/Summer); at: www.tbsjournal.com/Archive/Spring03/amin.html
8.
Auter, P., M.M. Arafa and K. Al-Jaber (2004a) `Who is Al-Jazeera's Audience? Deconstructing the Demographics and Psychographics of an Arab Satellite News Network', Journal of Transnational Broadcasting Studies12(Spring/Summer); at: www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring04/auter.htm
9.
Auter, P., M.M. Arafa and K. Al-Jaber (2004b) `News Credibility in the Arab World: An Analysis of Arabic People's Usage Patterns of Al-Jazeera after September 11, 2001 and Before the Iraq War', paper presented at the annual conference of Global Fusion, St Louis.
10.
Auter, P., M.M. Arafa and K. Al-Jaber (2005) `Identifying with Arabic Journalists: How Al-Jazeera Tapped Parasocial Interaction Gratifications in the Arab World', Gazette67(2): 189-204.
11.
Ayish, M.I. (2002) `Political Communication on Arab World Television: Evolving Patterns', Political Communication19: 137-54.
12.
Ayish, M.I. (2004) `News Credibility During the Iraq War: A Survey of UAE Students', Journal of Transnational Broadcasting Studies12 (Spring/Summer); at: www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring04/ayish.htm
13.
Ayish, M.I. (2006) `Heroes and Villains in the Land of the Two Rivers: How Aljazeera.net Told the Story of the Anglo-American Invasion of Iraq', pp. 126-49 in R.D. Berenger (ed.) Cybermedia Go to War: Role of Converging Media During and After the 2003 Iraq War. Spokane, WA: Marquette Books.
14.
Azran, T. (2006) `From Osama Bin-Laden's Mouthpiece to the Darling of the Alternative Media Web Sites: Representation of English.aljazeera.net in the West', pp. 103-14 in R.D. Berenger (ed.) Cybermedia Go to War: Role of Converging Media During and After the 2003 Iraq War. Spokane, WA: Marquette Books.
15.
Berlo, D.K., J.B. Lemert and R.J. Mertz (1969) `Dimensions for Evaluating the Acceptability of Message Sources', Public Opinion Quarterly46(3): 563-76.
16.
Blake, K.R. and R.O. Wyatt (2002) `Has Newspaper Credibility Mattered? A Perspective on Media Credibility Debate', Newspaper Research Journal23: 73-6.
17.
Boyd, D.A. (1993) Broadcasting in the Arab World: A Survey of Electronic Media in the Middle East. Ames: Iowa State Press.
18.
Carter, R.F. and B.S. Greenberg (1965) `Newspapers or Television: Which Do You Believe?' , Journalism Quarterly42: 29-34.
19.
Chaffee, S.J. and S. Frank (1996) `How Americans Get Political Information: Print versus Broadcast News', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science566: 48-58.
20.
Cherribi, S. (2006) `From Baghdad to Paris: Al-Jazeera and the Veil' , Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics11(2): 121-38.
21.
Dresner, E. (2006) `Middle Region Phenomenon and Globalization', The International Communication Gazette68(4): 363-78.
22.
El-Nawawy, M. (2003) `Why Al-Jazeera is the Most Popular Network in the Arab World', Television Quarterly34: 10-15.
23.
El-Nawawy, M. and A. Iskandar (2002) Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
24.
Fahmy, S. (2004) `Egyptian Media: Into a New Millennium', pp. 172-8 in A. Silverblatt and N. Zlobin (eds) International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe .
25.
Fahmy, S. (2005) `Emerging Alternatives or Traditional News Gates: Which News Sources Were Used to Picture the 9/11 Attack and the Afghan War?' , Gazette67(5): 383-400.
26.
Fahmy, S. and T.J. Johnson (2007a) `Show the Truth and Let the Audience Decide: A Web-Based Survey Showing Support for Use of Graphic Imagery Among Viewers of Al-Jazeera', Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media51(2): 245-64.
27.
Fahmy, S. and T.J. Johnson (2007b) `The Caged Bird Sings: How Reliance on Al-Jazeera Affects Views Regarding Press Freedom in the Arab World', pp. 81-100 in P. Seib (ed.) New Media and the New Middle East. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
28.
First Amendment Center (2006) `State of the First Amendment Survey 2006'; at: www.firstamendmentcenter.org/PDF/SOFA2006FinalSurvey.pdf
29.
Flanagin, A.J. and M.J. Metzger (2000) `Perceptions of Internet Information Credibility' , Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly77: 515-40.
30.
Fouda, Y. (2001) `Al-Jazeera: Here We Stand; We Can Do No Otherwise' , Transnational Broadcasting Studies6 (Spring/Summer); at: www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring01/Jazeera.html
31.
Gaziano, C. (1987) `News People's Ideology and the Credibility Debate' , Newspaper Research Journal9: 1-18.
32.
Gaziano, C. (1988) `How Credible is the Credibility Crisis?', Journalism Quarterly5: 267-78, 375.
33.
Gaziano, C. and K. McGrath (1986) `Measuring the Concept of Credibility', Journalism Quarterly63: 451-62.
34.
Hanley, D.C. (2004) `Al-Jazeera World Forum Takes a Hard Look at Freedom of the Press', Washington Report on Middle East Affairs23: 14-15.
35.
Hickey, N. (2002) `Different Cultures, Different Coverage', Columbia Journalism Review40: 40-3.
36.
Hovland, C.I., A.A. Lumsdaine and F.D. Sheffield (1949) Experiments on Mass Communication: Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
37.
Hovland, C.I., I.L. Janis, and H.H. Kelley (1953) Communication and Persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
38.
Johnson, T.J. (1993) `Exploring Media Credibility: How Media and Non-Media Workers Judged Media Performance in Iran/Contra', Journalism Quarterly70: 87-97.
39.
Johnson, T.J. and M. Abdulrahim (2000) `Cruising is Believing in the Persian Gulf Region? Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures' , paper presented to the Global Fusion Conference , St Louis, October.
40.
Johnson, T.J. and S. Fahmy (2006) `See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Judge as Evil? Examining the Degree to Which Users of Al-Jazeera English-Language Website Transfer Credibility Views to its Satellite Network Counterpart', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association (ICA), Dresden, Germany.
41.
Johnson, T.J. and B.K. Kaye (1998) `Cruising is Believing? Comparing Media and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures', Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly75: 325-40.
42.
Johnson, T.J. and B.K. Kaye (2000) `Using is Believing: The Influence of Reliance on the Credibility of Online Political Information among Politically Interested Internet Users', Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly77: 865-79.
43.
Johnson, T.J. and B.K. Kaye (2002) `Webelievability: A Path Model Examining How Convenience and Reliance on the Web Predict Online Credibility', Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly79: 619-42.
44.
Kalb, M. and J. Socolovsky (2004) `The Emboldened Arab Press', Harvard International Journal of Press Politics4: 1-4.
45.
Kanervo, E., W. Zhang and C. Sawyer (2005) `Communication and Democratic Participation: A Critical Review and Synthesis', The Review of Communication5: 193-236.
46.
Kim, N.D. and S. Jang (2004) `Reporting Al-Jazeera's Close Encounter with US Militarism: A Comparative Content Analysis of American and British Newspapers' Post-9/11 Wartime Journalism', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Toronto, Canada.
47.
Kim, D. and T.J. Johnson (2005) `Media Credibility: Comparing Internet and Traditional News Sources in South Korea', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association (ICA), New York.
48.
King, S., Y. Minami and L. Samovar (1985) `A Comparison of Japanese and American Perceptions of Source Credibility', Communication Research Reports2(1): 76-9.
49.
Kiousis, S. (2001) `Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age', Mass Communication and Society4: 381-403.
50.
Kolmer, C. and H. Semetko (2004) `Perspectives from American, British, Czech, German, South African and Al-Jazeera News', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association (ICA) , New Orleans.
51.
Lebo, H. (2004) `First Release of Findings from the UCLA World Internet Project Shows Significant "Digital Gender Gap" in Many Countries' ; at: newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/First-Release-of-Findings-From-4849.aspx?RelNum=4849 (accessed June 2008).
52.
Lynch, M. (2006) Voices of the New Arab Public. New York: Columbia University Press.
53.
Mekay, E. (2004) `Washington Urges Media Freedom - But Not for Al-Jazeera' , Inter Press Service; at: www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0526-06.htm
54.
Mellor, N. (2005) The Making of Arab News. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
55.
Metzger, M.J., A.J. Flanagin, K. Eyal, D.R. Lemus, and R.M. McCann (2003) `Credibility for the 21st Century: Integrating Perspectives on Source, Message, and Media Credibility in the Contemporize Environment', Communication Yearbook27: 293-335.
56.
Miles, H. (2005) Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press.
57.
Mulder, R. (1981) `A Log-Linear Analysis of Media Credibility', Journalism Quarterly58: 635-8.
58.
Nisbet, E.C., M.C. Nisbet, D.A. Scheufele and J.E. Shanahan (2004) `Public Diplomacy, Television News, and Muslim Opinion', Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics9(2): 11-37.
59.
Park, C.-Y. (2006) `Decomposing Korean News Media Credibility in the Internet Age', The International Journal of Public Opinion Research18: 238-45.
60.
Pew Center for People and the Press (2006) `No Outlet Stands Out as Most Reliable'; at: people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=1069
61.
Pew Center for People and the Press (2007) `Public Knowledge of Current Affairs Little Changed by News and Information Revolutions: What Americans Know: 1989-2007'; at: people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=319
62.
Pew Global Attitudes Project (2003) `Views of a Changing World 2003'; at: pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=185
63.
Pratt, C. (1982) `How Ratings of Africans and US Students Compare' , Journalism Quarterly59: 581-7.
64.
Rimmer, T. and D. Weaver (1987) `Different Questions, Different Answers? Media Use and Media Credibility', Journalism Quarterly64: 28-36, 44.
65.
Robinson, M.J. and A. Kohut (1988) `Believability and the Press', Public Opinion Quarterly52: 174-89.
66.
Rugh, W.A. (1987) The Arab Press: News Media and Political Process in the Arab World. New York: Syracuse University Press.
67.
Rugh, W.A. (2004) The Arab Press: News Media and Political Process in the Arab World. Westport, CT: Praeger.
68.
Sakr, N. (2000) `Optical Illusions: Television and Censorship in the Arab World', Journal of Transnational Broadcasting Studies5 (Fall/Winter); at: www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/sakr1.htm
69.
Sakr, N. (2002) `Seen and Starting to Be Heard: Women and the Arab Media in a Decade of Change', Social Research69: 821-50.
70.
Schleifer, S.A. (2001) `The Sweet and Sour Success of Al-Jazeera', Journal of Transnational Broadcasting Studies7 (Fall/Winter); www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall01/Jazeera_sas.html
71.
Schweiger, W. (2000) `Media Credibility - Experience or Image? A Survey on the Credibility of the World Wide Web in Germany in Comparison to Other Media', European Journal of Communication15: 37-59.
72.
Sharkey, J.E. (2003) `The Rise of Arab TV', American Journalism Review25: 26-7.
73.
Snow, N. and P.M. Taylor (2006) `The Revival of the Propaganda State: US Propaganda at Home and Abroad since 9/11', The International Communication Gazette68(5-6): 389-407.
74.
Starck, K. (1969) `Media Credibility in Finland: A Cross-National Approach', Journalism Quarterly46(4): 790-5.
75.
Taylor, M. and P. Napoli (2003) `Media Credibility in Bosnia: A Longitudinal Analysis of Public Opinion', paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego.
76.
Usborne, D. (2004) `Biased, Yes - But Al-Jazeera Should Be Encouraged; Freedom of Speech - The Iraqi Government's Ban on the Arab Satellite', The Independent 8 August: 21.
77.
Wanta, W. and Y.W. Hu (1994) `The Effects of Credibility, Reliance, and Exposure on Media Agenda-Setting: A Path Analysis Model', Journalism Quarterly71: 90-8.
78.
Wicks, R. and J.L.B. Wicks (2004) `Televised Coverage of the War in Iraq on Al-Jazeera, CNN and Fox News', paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), New Orleans.
79.
Wilkins, K.G. (2004) `Communication and Transition in the Middle East: A Critical Analysis of US Intervention and Academic Literature', Gazette66(6): 483-96.
80.
Wilson, E.C. and D.M. Howard (1978) `Perception of Media Accuracy', Journalism Quarterly55(1): 73-6.
81.
Wyatt, R.O., K.R. Blake, J. Edy and T. Mastin (1999) `How Support for Journalistic Rights is Related to News Media Credibility, Confidence in Institutions, and Civic Tolerance' , paper presented at the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research (MAPOR), Chicago.
82.
Wyatt, R.O., J. Edy, K.R. Blake and T. Mastin (2000) `How General Confidence in Institutions Predicts Media Credibility: A Case Against Journalistic Exceptionalism', paper presented to the American Association of Public Opinion Research, Portland, May.
83.
Yoon, K., K.-H. Chung and M.S. Kim (1998) `A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Effects of Source Credibility on Attitude and Behavioral Intentions', Mass Communication and Society1(3/4): 153-73.
84.
Zayani, M. and M.I. Ayish (2006) `Arab Satellite Television and Crisis Reporting: Covering the Fall of Baghdad', The International Communication Gazette68(5-6): 473-97.
85.
Zednik, R. (2002) `Perspectives on War: Inside Al Jazeera', Columbia Journalism Review40: 44-7.
